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Biologists tend not to discuss experimental results on a buy symbicort online no prescription handful of cells and a single solitary mouse — too preliminary, too sketchy. David Liu of the Broad Institute therefore had no plans to present such findings, which he’d peeked at over his graduate student’s shoulder, when he gave a high-profile talk in 2018 at the National Institutes of Health on a form of the CRISPR genome-editing system that he’d invented.Not that he wasn’t tempted. Student Luke Koblan had used the clever new form of CRISPR, called base editing, to alter a single buy symbicort online no prescription misspelled pair of “letters” among the 3 billion in the DNA of cells taken from children with progeria, an infamous and fatal genetic disease marked by accelerated aging.

Koblan had done this work in lab dishes, and had also corrected the progeria mutation in a mouse carrying the human gene that, as a result, aged so quickly that by toddlerhood, it was like a picture of Dorian Gray with whiskers.Chatting before his talk with NIH Director Francis Collins, who discovered the progeria mutation in 2003, Liu happened to mention the results. Collins was blown away buy symbicort online no prescription. You have to put that in your talk, Collins said.

When the head of the NIH speaks, biologists listen — and in Liu’s case, run to the men’s room to update his talk with how a CRISPR base editor might just be the long-sought cure to progeria. Not a treatment, like the drug lonafarnib that was approved this past November, but a one-and-done cure.advertisement Liu’s talk led to a collaboration with Collins, buy symbicort online no prescription the CRISPR base-editing of 62 mice with progeria, and, on Wednesday, the announcement that the study produced “results so much better than anything we ever tried,” Collins said. The base editor was so good at repairing the mice’s progeria that half the animals lived 510 days — old age for mice, and twice as long as untreated mice.

With such stunning results, “this could become a therapy for [progeria] and perhaps other rare accelerated-aging syndromes,” said Wilbert Vermeij of the Oncode Institute in the Netherlands, an expert on the biology of aging who was buy symbicort online no prescription not involved in the study.advertisement If the mouse results are confirmed in human trials, “this has the feel of something that could be a true genetic cure with a single injection,” not a drug children have to take all their lives, said Leslie Gordon, a physician who founded the Progeria Research Foundation after her son, Sam Berns, was diagnosed with the disease. (He died in 2014 at age 17).There are only about 200 children with progeria worldwide. Although they seem healthy as babies, by age 1 or 2 they are failing to grow, losing the fat under their skin, and developing vascular and other problems characteristic of 80-year-olds.

They typically buy symbicort online no prescription die around age 14 of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses of old age. Cognitively normal, they know exactly what is happening to them.The cause of progeria is a single T-A base pair in the DNA where a C-G should be. The resulting buy symbicort online no prescription mutant protein, called progerin, is poisonous to cells.

Base editors are made for such a mutation. They convert one DNA letter into a different one, in this case the mutant T-A to the healthy C-G. And they do so without chopping up buy symbicort online no prescription the double helix, as standard CRISPR does, which risks mangling genes.The scientists first slipped a T-to-C base editor into cells donated by children with progeria, using a lentisymbicort to carry the genome editor into the cells.

90% of the cells had their DNA corrected. €œWe were really surprised we were buy symbicort online no prescription getting such significant correction at a disease-causing site,” Liu said. The cells began producing healthy protein, called lamin A, and very little poisonous progerin, they reported in Nature.A CRISPR base editor, shown in this electron microscope image, changed a single DNA base pair from a progeria-causing mutant form to a healthy one, in mice.

Broad InstituteCells in lab dishes are all well and good, but Liu knew he had to test the system on mice — way more of them than the lone animal in Koblan’s initial experiment. Collins had been so excited about the preliminary results that he invited Liu to collaborate — an offer not to be refused, since NIH has the world’s largest colony of progeria mice.The symbicort slowed things down — Collins had to send home all his lab workers from March to July, until they figured out shifts and safe practices — but soon dozens of 3- and 14-day-old progeria mice were being injected with the base editor via an buy symbicort online no prescription adeno-associated symbicort near the eye or in the abdominal cavity. (Both sites connect to the circulatory system, and the scientists wanted the base editor to reach as many types of tissue as possible.)After six weeks, 10% to 60% of cells in different organs, from the aorta to liver, heart, muscle, and bone, had been successfully edited.

But those numbers lowballed buy symbicort online no prescription the improvement. The smooth muscle cells inside blood vessels “are usually a graveyard at six months,” Collins said. €œAlthough the gene-edited mice had only about 20% of these cells corrected, it looked like 100% correction.

The uncorrected cells had died, leaving only the healthy, base-edited cells buy symbicort online no prescription. We’ve never seen anything like it” with any other experimental progeria therapy. The CRISPR’d mice also looked better and moved better, in addition to living a median buy symbicort online no prescription of 510 days vs.

215 days for untreated mice. Children in the clinical trial of the recently approved lonafarnib, from Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, lived an average of 2.5 years, or almost 20%, longer than untreated children.Fourteen days in mice (the age when injecting the base editor had the best results) is comparable to 5 or 6 years in a child. Although more research needs to buy symbicort online no prescription be done before a clinical trial could be launched — for one thing, Liu is still making improvements to the base editor — “we would be very disappointed if this ended up as just a paper,” Liu said.

He is a co-founder of the base-editing company Beam Therapeutics, which said in a statement that it “is actively working with the research teams and with the Progeria Research Foundation to explore options for moving base editing technology forward for children living with progeria.”Collins is hopeful that the usual decades between curing mice and curing people might not apply here. €œProgeria is such a heartbreaking disease, it draws buy symbicort online no prescription a lot of people to work on it,” he said. And the record-setting pace of anti inflammatory drugs treatment development has made researchers everywhere question why clinical trials for cures can’t go faster.

€œWe’ll see if we can jump over some hoops,” he said..

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In February 1918 Alan buy symbicort online without prescription L buy symbicort. Hart was a talented, up-and-coming 27-year-old intern at San Francisco Hospital. Hart, who stood at 5'4" and weighed about 120 pounds, mixed well buy symbicort with his colleagues at work and afterward—smoking, drinking, swearing and playing cards. His round glasses hemmed in his pensive eyes, a high white collar often flanked his dark tie, and his short hair was slicked neatly to the right.

Though the young doctor’s alabaster face was smooth, he could deftly go through the motions of shaving with a safety razor. A photograph of a woman, who buy symbicort he had told colleagues was his wife, hung on his boarding-room wall. Then, one day that February, Hart was gone. He left behind nothing but his razor, a stack of mail, a pile of men’s clothing—and the photograph, still gazing down from the wall.

A New Hold buy symbicort on Life Alberta Lucille Hart, known as Lucille, was born on October 4, 1890, in Halls Summit—a lonesome part of Kansas just west of the Missouri border. The child’s father Albert, a hay, grain and hog merchant, died two years later, and his widow Edna moved with Lucille to make a new start in Oregon. They eventually settled there in the pretty town of Albany, where the Calapooia and Willamette rivers twist together like twine into a single sprawling flow. When Lucille Hart grew old buy symbicort enough to learn about her father’s death, she would comfort her mother.

Someday, she said, she would grow up to be a man, her mother’s caretaker. Hart often secretly fantasized about marrying her female high school teacher—reveries in which she also saw herself as a man. A talented writer, photographer and mandolinist, buy symbicort Hart graduated high school as salutatorian in 1908. She enrolled at Albany College, transferring to Stanford University in 1910.

There, Hart entered the premedical department, joined numerous organizations and founded the school’s first ever women’s debate club. She enrolled at buy symbicort the University of Oregon Medical School in 1913. Four years later Hart graduated at the head of her class, the first woman to earn the coveted Saylor medal for being the top scholar in each of the school’s departments. €œDr.

Hart was a brilliant student,” a former classmate said in a 1918 edition of Spokane’s buy symbicort Spokesman-Review newspaper.“She had the distinction of being the only woman in the class.... She dressed often in a very mannish style, wearing particularly masculine hats and shoes and frequently tight skirts. She walked with a noticeable mannish stride.” Lucille Hart from the 1911 Albany College Yearbook, The Takenah. Credit.

Lewis &. Clark Special Collections &. Archives Hart, since childhood, had secretly identified as male and been attracted to women. Though she covertly dated several women throughout college, she largely kept her feelings hidden.

Then one day, plagued by a phobia that was unrelated to her gender identity or sexual orientation, she sought help from her University of Oregon Medical School professor and doctor J. Allen Gilbert. Suspecting Hart was hiding a deeper secret, Gilbert encouraged her to confide in him. After two weeks of deliberation, Hart returned to the doctor and revealed her entire life story.

At first Hart sought psychiatric help from Gilbert, attempting to convert herself into a conventional woman. Therapy failed. Hypnosis failed. Finally, Hart halted the process—if the conversion worked, she realized, she would no longer think, feel or act like a man.

And that thought repulsed her. €œSuicide had been repeatedly considered as an avenue of escape from her dilemma,” Gilbert later wrote in his 1920 case study “Homo-Sexuality and Its Treatment,” in which he referred to Hart anonymously as “H.” “After treatment ... Proved itself unavailing, she came with the request that I help her prepare definitely and permanently for the role of the male in conformity with her real nature all these years...,” Gilbert continued. €œHysterectomy was performed, her hair was cut, a complete male outfit was secured and ...

She made her exit as a female and started as a male with a new hold on life and ambitions worthy of her high degree of intellectuality.” An Undaunted Trailblazer After transitioning, Hart was hired as an intern at San Francisco Hospital in November 1917. He lodged with a fellow male intern and hung a photograph of a woman named Inez Stark on his boarding-room wall, describing her to others as his wife. (Hart and Stark, a schoolteacher, were then romantically involved but not officially married.) Three months later, in February 1918, Hart applied for a laboratory position with physician Harry Alderson at the nearby Lane Hospital. Then something awful happened.

€œGirl Poses as Male Doctor in Hospital,” roared the headline of an article in the February 5, 1918, edition of the San Francisco Examiner. €œIntern Unmasked as Girl Graduate of Oregon School,” reported Portland’s Oregon Daily Journal on the same day. €œWoman Poses as Man Interne in Hospital at Frisco,” echoed the Austin American on February 6. It turned out that a former Stanford classmate had recognized Hart while he was applying for the Lane Hospital job, and had mentioned his past to someone on San Francisco Hospital’s staff.

The news eventually made its way to a hospital superintendent—and then into national headlines. Hart abruptly resigned his internship and headed home to Oregon, but stood by his conviction to transition to a man. €œI had to do it,” Hart said in the March 26, 1918, edition of the Albany Daily Democrat. €œFor years I had been unhappy.

With all the inclinations and desires of the boy I had to restrain myself to the more conventional ways of the other sex. I have been happier since I made this change than I ever have in my life, and I will continue this way as long as I live. Very few people can understand…, and I have had some of the biggest insults of my career…. I came home to show my friends that I am ashamed of nothing.” But Hart’s hardships continued.

Later in 1918 he quietly began practicing in the tiny, out-of-the-way coastal town of Gardiner, Ore.—but again, he was recognized and had to move. Hart wrote four medical novels throughout his life. His first, Dr. Mallory, is set in Gardiner and features a fictitious “Dr.

Gilbert” who sheds light on Hart’s real-life hurdles. €œShe ‘made good’ in every way, until she was recognized…,” Dr. Gilbert says in Dr. Mallory, speaking of a female character.“Then the hounding process began.” Between 1918 and 1927, Hart worked as a doctor in at least seven states, married and divorced Inez Stark, then graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a master’s in radiology in 1928.

Hart bounced from state to state—and repeatedly, his fictional characters seemed to offer glimpses of his own struggles. The 1909 Albany College Debate Team. Hart on right. Credit.

Lewis &. Clark Special Collections &. Archives “When it came to outrunning gossip he found he couldn’t do it,” Hart wrote of Sandy Farquhar, a gay male character, in his 1936 novel The Undaunted. €œHe went into radiology because he thought it wouldn’t matter so much in a laboratory what a man’s personality was.

But wherever he went, scandal followed him sooner or later ... His story would get around and then he’d be forced to leave.” In The Undaunted, Farquhar commits suicide. But Hart kept going—and saved the lives of countless others. €œHart was a pioneer in using chest x-rays to detect tuberculosis,” says Elliot Fishman, a radiologist at Johns Hopkins University.

€œAt that point, no one was really screening for TB. Sure, if you were coughing up blood, you would get x-rays, but no one was getting ahead of the disease. One in four patients had TB. Many of them were asymptomatic.

Because of Hart, doctors were able to treat patients before they had complications. And since TB is an infectious disease, he was able to separate TB patients from others to stop the spread.” “Tuberculosis was a very stigmatizing disease,” says Cristina Fuss, a cardiothoracic radiologist and associate professor of diagnostic radiology at Hart’s medical alma mater, now known as Oregon Health &. Science University. €œBecause of his own story, I imagine he could really empathize with someone who was struggling with being labeled.

Today we still use x-rays to diagnose TB—they remain a hallmark of screening for TB. Hart was certainly a trailblazer.” Hart worked with TB patients in Washington State and Idaho before moving to Connecticut, where he earned a master’s in public health from Yale University in 1948 at age 57. He continued his TB work in Connecticut. €œHart worked for the department of public health,” Fishman says.

€œTB is a public health problem. He was able to combine his interest in radiology with his interest in public health. I imagine his work helped create other programs across the country.” Rewriting History Hart lived out the rest of his life in West Hartford, Conn., with his second wife Edna Ruddick, before dying of heart disease at age 71 on July 1, 1962. In his will, Hart instructed an attorney to destroy the personal photographs and records he had stored in two locked boxes.

But in 1976 historian Jonathan Katz identified Hart as “H” in Gilbert’s 1920 case study, and unearthed the doctor’s story. Six years later Edna Ruddick Hart died, leaving the majority of her estate to the Medical Research Foundation of Oregon in honor of her late husband. €œWhen uncovering the story of someone from the past, especially someone from the early 20th century—someone who, today, we would identify as transgender,” says Peter Boag, a history professor at Washington State University and an award-winning LGBT historian, “we have to remember that, although the trans identity is recent in history, people often forget that trans people lived in the past. Uncovering the story of any trans person is not just something that affirms trans people’s existence today.

It rewrites our history.” Editor’s Note. Up until 1917, Hart publicly identified as Alberta Lucille Hart and used the pronoun “she.” After transitioning that year, Hart publicly identified as Alan L. Hart and used the pronoun “he.”No one in her village faced food shortages during the lockdowns, nor did they suffer from anti inflammatory drugs, Moligeri Chandramma assured me through an interpreter this past March. A farmer in the drylands of southern India, she grows more than 40 species and varieties of crops—mostly native millets, rice, lentils and spices—on a bit more than a hectare of land.

Chandramma is a member of the Deccan Development Society (DDS), a cooperative of nearly 5,000 Dalit (oppressed caste) and Adivasi (Indigenous) women whose remarkable integration of biodiversity conservation with agricultural livelihoods earned them the United Nations' prestigious Equator Award in 2019. Emerging from a situation of extreme malnutrition and social and gender discrimination in the 1980s, these farmers now enjoy food sovereignty and economic security. Not only are they weathering the symbicort, in 2020 each family in DDS contributed around 10 kilograms of food grains to the region's relief effort for those without land and livelihoods. On the other side of the world, six Indigenous Quechua communities of the Peruvian Andes govern the Parque de la Papa (Potato Park) in Pisac, Cusco, a mountainous landscape that is one of the original homelands of the potato.

They protect the region as a “biocultural heritage” territory, a trove of biological and cultural riches inherited from ancestors, and conserve more than 1,300 varieties of potato. When I visited in 2008 with other researchers and activists, I was stunned into silence by the diversity. €œThis is the outcome of 20 years' consistent work in relocalizing our food system, from a time when we had become too dependent on outside agencies for our basic needs,” farmer Mariano Sutta Apocusi told Local Futures, an organization dedicated to strengthening communities worldwide, in August 2020. €œFocusing on the local has helped us improve access to and affordability of a great diversity of food products—especially native potatoes, quinoa, kiwicha, other Andean tubers and maize, which we cultivate using Indigenous agroecological methods.” The communities instituted strong health and safety measures when the symbicort hit, even as they harvested a bumper crop and distributed more than a ton of potatoes to migrants, the elderly and a shelter for abused teenage mothers in Cusco town.

In Europe, many “solidarity economy” initiatives, which promote a culture of caring and sharing, swung into action when anti inflammatory drugs-related lockdowns rendered massive numbers of people jobless. In Lisbon, Portugal, the social centers Disgraa and RDA69, which strive to re-create community life in an otherwise highly fragmented urban situation, reached out with free or cheap food to whoever needed it. They provided not only meals but also spaces where refugees, the homeless, unemployed young people and others who might otherwise have fallen through the cracks could interact with and develop relationships with better-off families, creating a social-security network of sorts. The organizers trusted those with adequate means to donate food or funds to the effort, strengthening the feeling of community in surrounding neighborhoods.

The symbicort has exposed the brittleness of a globalized economy that is advertised as benefiting everyone but in fact creates deep inequalities and insecurities. In India alone, 75 million people fell below the poverty line in 2020. Globally, hundreds of millions who depend for their survival and livelihoods on the long-distance trade and exchange of goods and services were badly hit. Similar, albeit less extreme, dislocations also appeared during the 2008 financial crisis, when commodity speculation, along with the diversion of food grains to biofuel production, precipitated a steep rise in global grain prices, leading to hunger and food riots in many countries that depended on imported food.

Threats to survival also emerge when war or other dislocations stop the movement of goods. In such crises, communities fare better if they have local markets and services and can provide their own food, energy and water while taking care of the less fortunate. Moligeri Chandramma manages the DDS seed bank (top). It contains more than 70 species and varieties of crops.

People gathered (bottom) in 2005 to mark 20 years of sustained protests against dam construction on the Narmada River. Credit. Ashish Kothari The value of these alternative ways of living goes far beyond their resilience during relatively short-term upheavals like the symbicort, however. As a researcher and environmental activist based in a “developing” country, I have long advocated that the worldviews of peoples who live close to nature be incorporated into global strategies for wildlife protection, such as at the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity.

And in recent decades I have come to agree with critics of globalization such as social scientist and environmentalist Wolfgang Sachs that fending off calamities like biodiversity collapse will require not only environmental adaptations but also radical changes to the dominant economic, social and even political paradigms. In 2014 a few of us in India initiated a process to explore pathways to a world in which people are at peace with one another and with nature. Five years later (and fortuitously, just before the symbicort hit), the endeavor grew into an international online network we called the Global Tapestry of Alternatives. These conversations and other research indicate that viable options, no matter where they are, tend to be based on self-reliance and solidarity.

Such values are at odds with globalization, which delivers to denizens of the Global North (the better off, no matter where we live) many things that we have come to regard as essential. In contrast to the promise of ever increasing material wealth that underpins our civilization, peoples who live near or beyond its margins have a multitude of visions for living well, each tailored to the specifics of their ecosystems and cultures. To walk away from the cliff edge of irreversible destabilization of the biosphere, I believe we must enable alternative structures, such as those of the Dalit farmers, the Quechua conservers and the Lisbon volunteers, to flourish and link up into a tapestry that ultimately covers the globe. An Enlightening Journey Growing up in India, where lifestyles that are intimately entwined with the natural environment survive in large pockets, unquestionably influenced my ideas of what constitutes true sustainability.

In the 1970s, as a high school student who loved bird-watching in forests around Delhi, I joined classmates to demonstrate outside the Saudi Arabian embassy when some princes arrived in the country to hunt the (now critically endangered) Great Indian Bustard. Our protest, along with that of the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan, which traditionally protects these birds and other wildlife, embarrassed the Indian government into requesting that the hunters go home. Many of us went on to campaign for protection of the Delhi Ridge Forest, one of the world's biggest urban jungles. In 1979 we formed an environmental group to systematize our efforts.

We called it Kalpavriksh, after a mythical tree that makes wishes come true. The name symbolized our growing awareness that nature gives us everything. Our activism would teach us at least as much as we learned in school and college. While investigating the sources of Delhi's air pollution, for instance, we interviewed villagers who lived around a coal-fired power plant just outside the city.

They turned out to be far worse affected by its dust and pollution than we city dwellers were—although they got none of its electricity. The benefits of the project flowed mainly to those who were already better off, whereas the disempowered experienced most of the harms. In late 1980 we traveled to the western Himalayans to meet the protagonists of the iconic Chipko movement. Since 1973 village women had been protecting trees slated for logging by the forest department or by companies based in the Indian plains with their bodies.

The deodars being felled, as well as the oaks, rhododendrons, and other species, were sacred, the women told us, as well as being essential for their survival. They provided cattle fodder, fertilizer and wild foods and sustained their water sources. Even as an urban student, I could see the central role that rural women played in protecting the environment—as well as the injustice of distant bureaucrats making decisions with little concern for how they impacted those on the ground. Parque de la Papa (top) in Peru is one of the original homelands of the potato.

The Quechua Indigenous people (middle) govern the region as a “biocultural heritage” territory, conserving a remarkable diversity of potatoes (bottom). Credit. Ashish Kothari Soon after, my friends and I learned that 30 major dams were to be constructed on the Narmada River basin in central India. Millions worshipped the Narmada as a tempestuous but bountiful goddess—so pristine that the Ganga is believed to visit her every year to wash away her sins.

Trekking, boating and riding buses along its length of 1,300 kilometers, we were dazzled by waterfalls plunging into spectacular gorges, densely forested slopes teeming with wildlife, fields of diverse crops, thriving villages and ancient temples, all of which would be drowned. We began to question the concept of development itself. Surely the destruction would far outweigh any possible benefits?. Almost four decades later our fears have proved tragically true.

Hundreds of thousands of displaced people still await proper rehabilitation, and the river downstream of the dams has become a trickle—enabling seawater to reach 100 kilometers inland. Over the years I came to understand how powerful economic forces reach around the globe to intimately link social injustice with ecological destruction. The era of colonization and slavery vastly expanded the economic and military reach of some nation-states and their allied corporations, enabling the worldwide extraction of natural resources and exploitation of labor to feed the emerging industrial revolution in Europe and North America. Economic historians, anthropologists and others have demonstrated how this painful history laid the foundation of today's global economy.

Apart from driving irreversible ecological damage, this economic system robs many communities of access to the commons—to rivers, meadows and forests essential for their survival—while creating a dependence on external markets. The massive suffering during the symbicort has merely exposed these historical and contemporary fault lines. During my wanderings over the decades and especially while researching a book with economist Aseem Shrivastava, I became aware of a far more hopeful trend. Across the country and indeed around the world, hundreds of social movements are empowering the marginalized to wrest back control over their lives and livelihoods.

In 2014 Kalpavriksh initiated a series of gatherings called Vikalp Sangam, or Confluence of Alternatives, where the drivers of these spirited efforts could come together, share ideas and experiences, and collaborate, helping to build a critical mass for change. These interactions and eclectic reading gave me insights into a vital question I was investigating. What are the essential characteristics of desirable and viable alternatives?. Happily, I was far from alone in this quest.

At a degrowth conference in Leipzig in 2014, I was excited to hear Alberto Acosta, an economist and former politician from Ecuador, speaking on buen vivir, an Indigenous worldview founded on living well with one another and with the rest of nature. Although Acosta spoke no English and I spoke no Spanish, we tried excitedly to converse. Subsequently, degrowth expert Federico Demario joined us and helped to translate. We decided to work on a compilation of thriving alternatives from around the world—jotting down 20 possible ideas on the back of an envelope.

Later we roped in development critic Arturo Escobar and ecofeminist Ariel Salleh as co-editors of a volume we called Pluriverse. The number of entries expanded to more than 100. Commonalities Though dazzlingly diverse, the alternatives emerging worldwide share certain core principles. The most important is sustaining or reviving community governance of the commons—of land, ecosystems, seeds, water and knowledge.

In 12th-century England, powerful people began fencing off, or “enclosing,” fields, meadows, forests and streams that had hitherto been used by all. Enclosures by landlords and industrialists expanded to Europe and accelerated with the industrial revolution, forcing tens of millions of dispossessed people to either become factory workers or emigrate to the New World, devastating native populations. Imperial nations seized large portions of continents and reconfigured the economies of the colonies, extracting raw materials for factories, capturing markets for exports of manufactured goods and obtaining foods such as wheat, sugar and tea for the newly created working class. In this way, colonizers and their allies established a system of perpetual economic domination that generated the Global North and the Global South (the world of the marginalized, no matter where they live).

The wave of anticolonial movements in the first few decades of the 20th century, many of them successful, sparked fears that supplies of raw materials for industries and markets for finished goods of higher value would dry up. President Harry S. Truman responded by launching a program for alleviating poverty in what he described as “underdeveloped areas” with their “primitive and stagnant” economies. As detailed by ecologist Debal Deb, newly formed financial institutions controlled by the rich countries helped the ex-colonies “develop” along the path blazed by the West, providing the materials and energy sources for and creating markets for cars, refrigerators and other consumer goods.

An integral aspect of development, as thus conceived, propagated and usually enforced by stringent conditions attached to loans from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, has been privatization or state confiscation of the commons to extract metals, oil and water. Credit. Federica Fragapane. Source.

€œAlternatives Transformation Format. A Process for Self-Assessment and Facilitation towards Radical Change,” prepared by Kalpavriksh for ACKnowl-EJ (chart reference) As Elinor Ostrom, winner of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, demonstrated, however, the commons are far more sustainably governed by the communities from which they are wrested than by the governments or corporations that claim them. This awareness has given rise to innumerable grassroots efforts to protect the surviving commons and reestablish control over others. What constitutes the commons has also expanded to include “physical and knowledge resources that we all share for everyone's benefit,” explains sociologist Ana Margarida Esteves, who helps with the European Commons Assembly, an umbrella organization for hundreds of such endeavors.

Many of the efforts resemble the DDS and the Parque de la Papa in using community governance of commonly held resources to enhance agroecology (smallholder farming that sustains soil, water and biodiversity) and food sovereignty (control over all means of food production, including land, soil, seeds and the knowledge of how to use them). The food-sovereignty movement La Via Campesina, which originated in Brazil in 1993, now includes about 200 million farmers in 81 countries. Such attempts at self-reliance and community governance extend also to other basic needs, such as for energy and water. In Costa Rica, Spain and Italy, rural cooperatives have been generating electricity locally and controlling its distribution since the 1990s.

And hundreds of villages in western India have moved toward “water democracy,” based on decentralized harvesting of water and community management of wetlands and groundwater. Mobilizing people to sustain, build or rebuild local systems of knowledge is essential to such ventures. Secure rights to govern the commons are also important. In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the Sapara Indigenous people fought hard to gain collective rights over their rain-forest home.

They are now defending it against oil and mining interests while developing a model of economic well-being that blends their traditional cosmovisions—ways of knowing, being and doing that are physically and spiritually linked to their environs—with new activities such as community-led ecotourism. Their income from tourism has dropped during the symbicort, but their forests and community ethic give them almost all the food, water, energy, housing, medicines, enjoyment, health and learning that they need. They are now offering online sessions on their cosmovisions, dream analysis and healing. I participated in such sessions in person in their Naku ecotourism camp in 2019.

The virtual version is not as immersive but nonetheless represents an innovative adaptation to the circumstances. Greening cities or making them more welcoming, as the Lisbon social centers do, also requires community-based governance and economies of caring and sharing. Across the Global South, development projects have driven hundreds of millions of people to cities, where they live in slums and work in hazardous conditions. Wealthy city dwellers could do their part by consuming less, which would reduce the extraction and waste dumping that displace people in faraway places.

A spectrum of avenues toward more equitable and sustainable cities has emerged. These include, for example, the Transition Movement, which is attempting to regenerate the commons and make European cities carbon-neutral, and the municipalism movement, which is creating a network of Fearless Cities, among them Barcelona, Valparaiso, Madrid and Athens, to provide secure environments for refugees and migrants. Urban agriculture in Havana supplies more than half of its fresh food requirements and has inspired many other city farming initiatives around the world. Five Petals These initiatives point to the need for fundamental transformations in five interconnected realms.

In the economic sphere, we need to get away from the development paradigm—including the notion that economic growth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), is the best means of achieving human goals. In its place, we need systems for respecting ecological limits, emphasizing well-being in all its dimensions and localizing exchanges to enable self-reliance—as well as good measures of these indicators. Bhutan has long experimented with gross national happiness as an index. The idea has spawned variants, such as New Zealand's recent focus on mental health and other such measures of progress.

We also need freedom from centralized monetary and financial control. Many experiments in alternative currencies and economies based on trust and local exchanges are underway. Perhaps the most innovative of these is “time banking,” a system for swapping services founded on the principle that all skills or occupations merit equal respect. One can, for example, give a one-hour-long yoga lesson for credit that can be redeemed for an hour's work on bicycle repair.

In many parts of the world, workers are seeking to control the means of production. Land, nature, knowledge and tools. A few years back I visited Vio.Me, a detergent factory in Thessaloniki, Greece, which workers had taken over and converted from chemical to olive-oil-based and eco-friendly production, and where they had established complete parity in pay, regardless of what job the worker was doing. The slogan on their wall proclaimed.

€œWe have no boss!. € Workers such as Dimitris Koumatsioulis (top) collectively run Vio.Me, an eco-friendly detergent factory in Thessaloniki, Greece. In Prague, Czech Republic, people buy and sell locally (bottom) at a farmers' and producers' market. Credit.

Ashish Kothari In fact, work itself is being redefined. Globalized modernity has created a chasm between work and leisure—which is why we wait desperately for the weekend!. Many movements seek to bridge this gap, enabling greater enjoyment, creativity and satisfaction. In industrial countries, people are bringing back manual ways of making clothes, footwear or processed foods under banners such as “The future is handmade!.

€ In western India, many young people are leaving soul-killing routines in factories to return to handloom weaving, which allows them to control their schedules while providing a creative outlet. In the political sphere, the centralization of power inherent in the nation-state, whether democratic or authoritarian, disempowers many peoples. The Sapara nation in Ecuador and the Adivasis of central India argue for a more direct democracy, where power resides primarily with the community. The state—insofar as it continues to exist—would then mainly help with larger-scale coordination while being strictly accountable to decision-making units on the ground.

The ancient Indian notion of swaraj, literally translated as “self-rule,” is particularly relevant here. It emphasizes individual and collective autonomy and freedom that are linked to responsibility for others' autonomy and freedom. A community that practices swaraj may not dam a stream, for example, if that threatens the water supply of downstream villages. Its well-being cannot compromise that of others.

Such a notion of democracy also challenges the boundaries of nation-states, many of which are products of colonial history and have ruptured ecologically and culturally contiguous areas. The Kurdish http://half-witpoet.com/?p=40 people, for instance, are split among Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For three decades they have struggled to achieve autonomy and direct democracy based on principles of ecological sustainability and women's liberation—and without borders dividing them. And Indigenous groups in Mexico collectively identifying as Zapatistas have for more than three decades asserted and sustained an autonomous region based on similar principles.

Moving toward such radical democracy would suggest a world with far fewer borders, weaving tens of thousands of relatively autonomous and self-reliant communities into a tapestry of alternatives. These societies would connect with one another through “horizontal” networks of equitable and respectful exchange, as well as through “vertical” but downwardly accountable institutions that manage processes and activities across the landscape. Several experiments in bioregionalism at large scales are underway, although most remain somewhat top-down in their governance. In Australia, the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative seeks to coordinate the conservation of ecosystems across 3,600 kilometers while sustaining livelihoods and community health.

And a project spanning six countries in the Andes aims to conserve as a World Heritage Site the Qhapaq an, a 30,000-kilometer network of roads built by the Inca Empire, along with its related cultural, historical and environmental heritage. Local self-governance may, of course, be oppressive or exclusionary. The intensely patriarchal and casteist traditional village councils in many parts of India and the xenophobic antirefugee approaches of the right wing in Europe illustrate this drawback. A third crucial sphere of transformation is therefore social justice, encompassing struggles against racism, casteism, patriarchy, and other traditional or modern forms of discrimination and exploitation.

Fortunately, success in defying the dominant economic system often goes hand in hand with victories against discrimination, such as Dalit women farmers' shaking off centuries of caste and patriarchal oppression to achieve food sovereignty. Political autonomy and economic self-reliance need not mean isolationism and xenophobia. Rather cultural and material exchanges that maintain local self-reliance and respect ecological sustainability would replace present-day globalization—which perversely allows goods and finances to flow freely but stops desperate humans at borders. This kind of localization would be open to people in need.

Refugees from climate change or war would be welcomed, as in the network of Fearless Cities in Europe. Both grounded practice and shifts in policy could help transit toward such a system. Necessary, of course, are attempts to rebuild societies in regions of strife so that people do not have to flee from them. Radical change also necessitates transformations in a fourth sphere.

That of culture and knowledge. Globalization devalues languages, cultures and knowledge systems that do not adapt to development. Several movements are confronting this homogenizing tendency. The Sapara nation is trying to resuscitate its almost extinct language and preserve its knowledge of the forest by bringing these into the curriculum of the local school, for instance.

Many communities are “decolonizing” maps, putting back their own place names and defying political borders. Even the colonial-era Mercator projection used to generate the familiar world map is being upended. (Only recently did I realize that Africa is large enough to contain Europe, China, the U.S. And India put together.) Increasingly, traditional and modern sciences are collaborating to help solve humankind's most vexing problems.

The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment, for example, involves cooperation among Indigenous peoples and university scientists to tackle climate change. One problem is that present-day educational institutions train graduates who are equipped to serve and perpetuate the dominant economic system. People are bringing community and nature back into spaces of learning, however. These efforts include Forest Schools in many parts of Europe that provide children with hands-on learning in the midst of nature, the Zapatista autonomous schools that teach about diverse cultures and struggles, and the Ecoversities Alliance of centers of higher learning around the world that enable scholars to seek knowledge across the boundaries that typically separate academic disciplines.

The most important sphere of transformation, however, is the ecological—recognizing that we are part of nature and that other species are worthy of respect in their own right. Across the Global South, communities are leading efforts to regenerate degraded ecosystems and wildlife populations and conserve biodiversity. Tens of thousands of “territories of life” are being governed by Indigenous or other local communities, for example. These include locally managed marine areas in the South Pacific, Indigenous territories in Latin America and Australia, community forests in South Asia, and the Ancestral Domain territories in the Philippines.

Also noteworthy is recent legislation or court judgments in several countries asserting that rivers, for example, enjoy the same protections as people. The United Nations' 2009 Declaration on Harmony with Nature is an important milestone toward such a goal. Values I am often asked how one scales up successful alternatives. It would be self-defeating, however, to try to either scale up or replicate a DDS or a Parque de la Papa.

The essence of this approach is diversity. The recognition that every situation is different. What people can do—and this, indeed, is how successful initiatives spread—is understand the underlying values and apply these in their own communities while networking with like ventures to spread the impact. The Vikalp Sangam process has identified the following values as crucial.

Solidarity, dignity, interconnectedness, rights and responsibilities, diversity, autonomy and freedom, self-reliance and self-determination, simplicity, nonviolence and respect for all life. Around the world both ancient and modern worldviews that are focused on life articulate similar principles. Indigenous peoples and other local communities have lived by worldviews such as buen vivir, swaraj, ubuntu (an African philosophy that sees the well-being of all living things as interconnected) and many other such ethical systems for centuries and are reasserting them. Simultaneously, approaches such as degrowth and ecofeminism have emerged from within industrial societies, seeding powerful countercultures.

At the heart of these worldviews lies a simple principle. That we are all holders of power. That in the exercise of this power, we not only assert our own autonomy and freedom but also are responsible for ensuring the autonomy of others. Such a swaraj merges with ecological sustainability to create an eco-swaraj, encompassing respect for all life.

Clearly, such fundamental transformations face a deeply entrenched status quo that retaliates violently wherever it perceives a threat. Hundreds of environmental defenders are murdered every year. Another serious challenge is the unfamiliarity many people in the Global North have with ideals of a good life beyond the American dream. Even so, the fact that many progressive initiatives are thriving and new ones are sprouting suggests that a combination of resistance and constructive alternatives does stand a chance.

The anti inflammatory drugs symbicort is a catastrophe that presents humankind with a choice. Will we head right back toward some semblance of the old normal, or will we adopt new pathways out of global ecological and social crises?. To maximize the likelihood of the latter, we need to go well beyond the Green New Deal approaches in the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere. Their intense focus on the climate crisis and worker rights is valuable, but we also need to challenge unsustainable consumption patterns, glaring inequalities and the need for centralized nation-states.

Truly life-sustaining recoveries would emphasize all the spheres of eco-swaraj, arrived at via four pathways. One is the creation or revival of dignified, secure and self-reliant livelihoods for two billion people based on collective governance of natural resources and small-scale production processes such as farming, fisheries, crafts, manufacturing and services. Another is a program for regeneration and conservation of ecosystems, led by Indigenous peoples and local communities. A third is immediate public investments in health, education, transportation, housing, energy and other basic needs, planned and delivered by local democratic governance.

Finally, incentives and disincentives to make production and consumption patterns sustainable are crucial. These approaches would integrate sustainability, equality and diversity, giving everyone, especially the most marginalized, a voice. A proposal for a million climate jobs in South Africa is of this nature, as is a feminist recovery plan for Hawaii and several other proposals for social justice in other countries. None of this will be easy, but I believe it is essential if we are to make peace with Earth and among ourselves.NEW YORK HARBOR—It’s an odd scene in New York Harbor.

On the banks of tree-lined Governors Island, a small group has gathered to watch a tiny gray boat anchor itself in the water. Two figures lean over the side of the vessel, their red life vests standing out against the slate waves. Each clutches several rust-colored mesh sacks, dangling just above the surface of the water. €œOne ...

Two ... Three!. € With that, they drop the bags and watch them sink into the murky depths. Each sack is filled with dozens of live oysters.

Ten feet below the little boat, they settle into their home at the bottom of the harbor. An artificial reef, made of steel and wire structures resting on mounds of rock and shell. A few moments later, a pair of divers in fins and masks slip into the water and position the sacks around the wire “oyster condos.” Then they leave the shellfish to the joys of city living under the sea. By the time the biodegradable sacks dissolve, typically within a month or so, the oysters should be slowly growing together in neighborly clusters beneath the waves.

This latest deposit—about 5,000 oysters in total—is part of a special program known as SOAR, or Supporting Oyster Aquaculture and Restoration, a partnership between the Nature Conservancy and the Pew Charitable Trusts. Born out of the anti-inflammatories symbicort, the program began as a way to prevent farmed oysters from going to waste while restaurants were still shut down. SOAR purchases oysters from farmers who would otherwise be unable to sell them, then partners with local oyster restoration projects to return the shellfish to their natural habitats. That has built-in benefits for coastal ecosystems.

Oyster reefs help clean and filter the water, provide natural habitat for fish, and buffer coastlines against the erosion caused by wave action and sea-level rise. SOAR’s New York partner is a program known as the Billion Oyster Project. Founded in 2014 by Murray Fisher and Pete Malinowski, it aims to restore 1 billion oysters to New York Harbor over the next 15 years. So far, it’s installed 14 reefs across the city.

This recent batch is likely the last bunch of oysters to be planted in New York City through the SOAR project—at least for the time being. With the anti inflammatory drugs treatment rollout in full swing, the city has largely reopened, and restaurants have resumed serving shellfish. But the program will likely continue in other forms, according to Jennifer Browning, director of Pew’s U.S. Oceans program.

SOAR is working to establish a permanent market, providing funding for oyster restoration projects to purchase otherwise “unsellable” oysters from farmers. Even without the pressure of the symbicort, “anywhere from 15 to 20% of all the oysters grown by oyster farmers can’t be sold to restaurants—they’re too big or ugly or flat,” Browning told E&E News. €œBut if those oyster growers knew that that 20%, they could sell that, that’s a huge benefit to them—and a huge benefit to the oyster restoration community.” A global decline New York Harbor was once an oyster capital of the country. €œBack in the day, here in New York City, oysters were sold on street corners like pretzels are today,” said Rob Jones, global lead for the Nature Conservancy’s aquaculture program.

But over the last century, they’ve largely disappeared. In New York, that’s mainly because of pollution. As the city grew and developed, more and more sewage was diverted into the harbor. Eventually, it became unsafe to harvest oysters, and the industry shuttered.

In years since, “there are a lot of other reasons why oysters didn’t continue to thrive," said Katie Mosher, the Billion Oyster Project’s director of programs. Dredging, used to deepen and expand the harbor, killed many of them off. Disease and poor water quality played a role, too. It’s not a problem that’s unique to New York.

Oyster populations have plummeted up and down U.S. Coastlines and elsewhere around the globe. They were decimated by overharvesting, pollution, disease and habitat destruction. In a 2011 study published in BioScience, experts estimated that about 85% of the world’s oyster reefs have vanished over the last century.

Today, scientists and environmentalists are working to bring them back. The ecosystem benefits are clear, Jones said. Oysters provide a natural cleaning service, filtering toxins out of the water. And their clustered reefs become natural homes for fish and other marine animals, just as coral reefs do in the tropics.

Like coral reefs, they also protect coastlines from erosion, breaking up waves before they hit the shore. It’s an increasingly attractive service as climate change warms the planet. Sea-level rise is a growing threat to coastal communities worldwide, eroding shorelines and worsening floods. At the same time, global warming is making hurricanes more intense.

That increases the odds of extreme storm surge and major damage to the coast. With their coastlines flooding and their beaches steadily washing away, coastal communities are making increasingly costly investments in shoreline protections. Multibillion-dollar interventions, including building sea walls and diverting major rivers, have recently been proposed, in places such as Louisiana, South Carolina and New York. At the same time, there’s a growing push in some coastal communities for cheaper, more sustainable interventions.

€œLiving shorelines” offer one alternative. These are naturally cultivated coastal buffers, made up of sand, rock, marshlands and vegetation—and, sometimes, oyster reefs. The combination of these natural protections, when put together, tends to make the biggest difference, said Antonio Rodriguez, an expert on coastal geology at the University of North Carolina. In the Southeast, for instance, where beaches are often soft and easily eroded, “the iconic configuration would be to have upland, which is a forest, and then salt marsh, and then oyster reefs,” he said.

Where natural oyster reefs have largely disappeared, experts say putting them back may help restore some natural protection. And case studies on rapidly eroding shorelines—for instance, in Alabama and Bangladesh—have shown that it can actually work. It’s not a new idea—communities up and down the coasts have been experimenting with oyster restoration and living shorelines for decades. But the concept has gained attention in recent years with the growing threat of climate change and sea-level rise.

Living shoreline projects have cropped up everywhere from the Chesapeake Bay to Alabama’s Gulf shore. Meanwhile, organizations like Pew and the Nature Conservancy are working to expand local restoration projects. €œWe are working with states—New York, New Jersey, but also in the Gulf in Mississippi and Louisiana—to help them develop oyster restoration plans,” Browning said. €œWe do the research—where could you put oyster farmers, where would oyster restoration occur—so that every state has sort of a long-term plan for rebuilding their oyster population.” Restoration and climate change The question now is whether oysters themselves will be able to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

There’s evidence that they can, according to Rodriguez. There are two different types of oyster reefs, adapted to different kinds of conditions. Subtidal oysters stay permanently submerged beneath the water. Intertidal oysters, on the other hand, grow closer to the shore, where the tide ebbs and flows.

They’re sometimes submerged and sometimes exposed. There’s a sweet spot for these intertidal oysters, research has found. Too much water or too much air can destroy them. Intertidal oyster reefs may have slightly more value as coastal protections, Rodriguez noted.

They’re more common in the South, where shorelines tend to be softer and more vulnerable to erosion. They also grow closer to the shore, meaning they may be better at breaking up waves. As sea levels rise, there’s the potential that they could be permanently submerged. But Rodriguez says there’s evidence that oysters can adapt.

One of his own studies, published in 2014 in Nature Climate Change, found that oyster reefs in the Mid-Atlantic may grow faster than scientists previously believed. That means they may be able to keep pace with the rate of sea-level rise and build up before the rising ocean can drown them. Still, Rodriguez cautioned that oyster reefs shouldn’t be considered a silver bullet for coastal climate concerns. While studies show that reef restoration can make a difference, it depends on how long the reefs actually last.

Rodriguez says he’s seen new reefs thrive in their first year or so, only to collapse later as predators move in. Long-term monitoring is key in these cases, he said. But restoration studies are often funded for only a few years. €œBefore we jump into multimillion-dollar projects, we need to start slowly and do some test projects before we scale up,” he suggested.

€œLots of investments are made in oyster restoration, and it’s monitored for a year after, and it usually shows that they’re doing really well. If you go back five years from now, are they still doing well?. € Restoration projects must also choose their sites carefully, said John Grabowski, a marine scientist at Northeastern University. They must be mindful of water quality and the softness of sediments so oysters don’t catch diseases or get buried in mud.

But there’s reason to believe that well-crafted restoration projects can have long-term success, Grabowski added. Follow-up studies, looking at restored reefs years or even decades after they were first planted, have found that some of them are still thriving. €œThe studies that are out there that look longer-term definitely suggest that oyster restoration can sustain living reefs for much longer than just a year or two,” he said. That said, there are still untold threats from climate change.

Without serious efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions and curb global warming, oyster reefs and other coastal protections can only do so much. They may buffer shorelines against erosion, but they can’t halt the process—especially as sea-level rise accelerates and hurricanes intensify. €œOyster reefs can definitely reduce wave energy—when coupled with marshes, they can slow down coastal flooding—but my fear is that the system is gonna be overwhelmed, given the scale of the problem,” Grabowski said. That doesn’t mean restoration projects shouldn’t continue.

€œRemember, they provide a whole host of services, and even if they don’t fully stop coastal flooding, they’re filtering the water. They’re providing habitat for fishes and providing other important services,” he said. €œThose are services we shouldn’t forget about, even though climate change is the existential threat we’re all worried about.” Reprinted from E&E News with permission from POLITICO, LLC. Copyright 2021.

E&E News provides essential news for energy and environment professionals.Over the past century, many notable symbicortes have emerged from animals to cause widespread illness and death in people. The list includes the pathogens behind symbicort influenza, Ebola, Zika, West Nile fever, SARS, and now anti inflammatory drugs, brought on by the symbicort anti-inflammatories. For all of these microbes, the animal species that served as the original source of spillover was hard to find. And for many, that source still has not been conclusively identified.

Confirming the circumstances and key participants involved in the early emergence of an infectious disease is a holy grail of this type of scientific inquiry. Difficult to track and even more difficult to prove. In ideal conditions, the first human cases involved in a zoonotic disease spillover (when a pathogen jumps from animals to humans) are reported in connection to animals present at the time of the event. This happens when the cluster of cases is large enough to be investigated and reported.

But it is not necessarily the first time spillover occurred. Most spillovers are limited to more narrow animal-to-human cases. Once pathogens start to spread by human-to-human transmission, the tracks leading back to the initial animal source grow faint and become nearly impossible to follow. Thus, animal sources for symbicortes that cause symbicorts often remain shrouded in mystery.

For some symbicortes, animal sources have been implicated after years or decades of large-scale international investigations. For other symbicortes, animal sources are highly suspected, but enough evidence has yet to be produced to pinpoint an exact species or range of species. Typically, lines of evidence are drawn over time through a trove of peer-reviewed publications, each building on the research that came before it, using more precise methods to narrow the field of possible sources. The scientific process is naturally self-correcting.

Often seemingly contradictory hypotheses can initially flood the field, especially for high-impact outbreaks. But eventually, some of them are ruled out, and lines of investigation are narrowed. Frequently, this investigative research only points to a group of suspected species, possibly a few most likely genera or, more often, an entire taxonomic order. That is because the symbicort has not actually been found in the suspected animal source in such cases.

The evidence instead revolves around closely related symbicortes or their most recent common ancestors, based on inferred evolutionary history. If a symbicort was found in animal samples after the same pathogen caused widespread transmission among humans, it is possible that the symbicort spilled from humans back into animals. That happens often enough with symbicortes that can infect a range of animal species that the possibility needs to be presumed until it is ruled out. The best way to rule out such spillback is to examine archives of specimens that were collected and stored prior to the initial outbreak.

For these retrospective studies to work well, the specimens need to be the ideal type of samples, and they must come from the correct species and be stored in a way that allows scientists to recover the symbicort of interest. Most symbicortes of interest typically infect animal hosts for only a matter of days. Detection of symbicortes that cause symbicorts thus require sample sizes that are orders of magnitude higher than what is needed to detect endemic diseases or symbicortes that are long-lived in their host. One could get lucky, but rigor in scientific inquiry demands large sample sizes to power these types of analyses.

Investigations into an animal source that immediately follow a viral emergence event have an additional challenge. Because an outbreak in animals likely would have preceded the outbreak in humans, s in animals would have already peaked. Few or none of them would still be infected. Immediately post-outbreak, the probability of identifying in live animals could be especially low, thus requiring even larger sample sizes.

In China, it is not surprising that scientists did not find anti-inflammatories in potential animal sources immediately after the human outbreak in Wuhan. Nor does that result indicate there is a problem with the wildlife spillover theory. This is a difficult search that takes time. Immunologic evidence of previous can be detected in a possible animal host in the form of antibodies, but new serological assays must be developed for a new symbicort.

At best, this type of evidence is non-definitive—and at worst, it leads us in the wrong direction in the hunt. Antibody responses to symbicortes are notoriously cross-reactive. The serological assays will react in the same way to related symbicortes, both known and as yet unrecognized. These assays must be evaluated and validated in every species, and there is no gold standard test for a new symbicort in a new animal.

Any efforts to apply new tests to animals would need to be verified with repeated testing and supporting data. As the scope of investigations broaden, other challenges must be met. Which species should be prioritized?. Which locations should be investigated?.

Heading down the wrong path leads nowhere and wastes valuable time. Viral s in animal populations are notoriously unpredictable, governed by dynamics that can only be uncovered with in-depth longitudinal studies after a symbicort has been found. That brings us to the speed at which science works. Transdisciplinary collaborative research to investigate a novel symbicort takes extra time.

Detection techniques must be tailored to the new pathogen and customized to answer an array of research questions. Scientists are cautious about overinterpreting data and making unwarranted assumptions. And in the midst of a symbicort, understanding origins might not be the most pressing issue. During anti inflammatory drugs, many scientists have pivoted to research that might help save lives this year—by modeling the trajectory of spread, characterizing anti-inflammatories variants and investigating the chances that the symbicort could spill back into different animals that serve as a new viral reservoir, ultimately threatening people again.

Timely exploration of the source of anti-inflammatories is important, but future symbicort preparedness requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms involved in the emergence of a much wider array of symbicortes with symbicort potential. With such knowledge, we will have better than a few vague and scattered clues the next time a novel disease emerges.The photos from a historic flyby of our solar system’s largest moon are starting to roll in. On Monday (June 7), NASA’s Juno probe zoomed within just 645 miles (1,038 kilometers) of Jupiter’s enormous satellite Ganymede, which is bigger than the planet Mercury. It was the closest any probe had come to Ganymede since May 2000, when NASA’s Galileo spacecraft got within about 620 miles (1,000 km) of the moon’s icy surface.

It’ll take some time to receive and process all the data from Monday’s encounter, but we’re already getting a taste. The first two photos from the flyby have come down to Earth, and NASA posted them online Tuesday (June 8). One of the images, snapped by the JunoCam instrument, shows nearly an entire side of the crater-pocked Ganymede, which is thought to harbor a huge ocean of liquid water beneath its ice shell. (That ocean is likely sandwiched between two ice layers, however, so it’s not as astrobiologically interesting as the subsurface seas of fellow Jupiter moon Europa and the Saturn satellite Enceladus.

Those other buried oceans are in contact with their moons’ rocky interiors, making a variety of complex chemical reactions possible, scientists say.) The JunoCam photo, which has a resolution of about 0.6 miles (1 km) per pixel, was captured using the instrument’s green filter. The image is black and white, but the mission team will be able to create a color portrait once the versions taken with JunoCam’s red and blue filters come down, NASA officials said. The second photo comes courtesy of the Stellar Reference Unit, a black-and-white camera that Juno uses for navigation. This image, which features a resolution of 0.37 miles to 0.56 miles (0.6 to 0.9 km) per pixel, shows the side of Ganymede opposite the sun, which is faintly illuminated by light bouncing off Jupiter.

“The conditions in which we collected the dark side image of Ganymede were ideal for a low-light camera like our Stellar Reference Unit,” Heidi Becker, Juno’s radiation-monitoring lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, said in a statement. “So this is a different part of the surface than seen by JunoCam in direct sunlight,” Becker said. €œIt will be fun to see what the two teams can piece together.” Juno launched in August 2011 and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016. The solar-powered probe is studying Jupiter’s composition, interior structure and magnetic and gravitational fields, gathering data that should help scientists better understand how Jupiter and our solar system formed and evolved.

Juno occasionally turns its sharp eyes toward other objects in the Jovian system—like the 3,273-mile-wide (5,268 km) Ganymede. Observations made during Monday’s flyby could reveal key insights about the moon’s composition, ice shell and radiation environment, among other characteristics, NASA officials said. Such data could help inform and guide future missions to the Jupiter system, including Europe’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in 2022 to study Ganymede and fellow Galilean moons Europa and Callisto up close. Copyright 2021 Space.com, a Future company.

All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed..

In February 1918 Alan buy symbicort online without prescription L buy symbicort online no prescription. Hart was a talented, up-and-coming 27-year-old intern at San Francisco Hospital. Hart, who stood at 5'4" and weighed about 120 pounds, mixed well with his colleagues at work and afterward—smoking, drinking, swearing and playing buy symbicort online no prescription cards.

His round glasses hemmed in his pensive eyes, a high white collar often flanked his dark tie, and his short hair was slicked neatly to the right. Though the young doctor’s alabaster face was smooth, he could deftly go through the motions of shaving with a safety razor. A photograph of a woman, who he had told colleagues was his wife, hung on buy symbicort online no prescription his boarding-room wall.

Then, one day that February, Hart was gone. He left behind nothing but his razor, a stack of mail, a pile of men’s clothing—and the photograph, still gazing down from the wall. A New Hold on Life Alberta Lucille Hart, known as Lucille, was born on October 4, 1890, in Halls Summit—a lonesome part of buy symbicort online no prescription Kansas just west of the Missouri border.

The child’s father Albert, a hay, grain and hog merchant, died two years later, and his widow Edna moved with Lucille to make a new start in Oregon. They eventually settled there in the pretty town of Albany, where the Calapooia and Willamette rivers twist together like twine into a single sprawling flow. When Lucille Hart grew old enough to learn about buy symbicort online no prescription her father’s death, she would comfort her mother.

Someday, she said, she would grow up to be a man, her mother’s caretaker. Hart often secretly fantasized about marrying her female high school teacher—reveries in which she also saw herself as a man. A talented writer, photographer buy symbicort online no prescription and mandolinist, Hart graduated high school as salutatorian in 1908.

She enrolled at Albany College, transferring to Stanford University in 1910. There, Hart entered the premedical department, joined numerous organizations and founded the school’s first ever women’s debate club. She enrolled at buy symbicort online no prescription the University of Oregon Medical School in 1913.

Four years later Hart graduated at the head of her class, the first woman to earn the coveted Saylor medal for being the top scholar in each of the school’s departments. €œDr. Hart was a brilliant student,” a former classmate said in a 1918 edition of Spokane’s Spokesman-Review newspaper.“She had the buy symbicort online no prescription distinction of being the only woman in the class....

She dressed often in a very mannish style, wearing particularly masculine hats and shoes and frequently tight skirts. She walked with a noticeable mannish stride.” Lucille Hart from the 1911 Albany College Yearbook, The Takenah. Credit.

Lewis &. Clark Special Collections &. Archives Hart, since childhood, had secretly identified as male and been attracted to women.

Though she covertly dated several women throughout college, she largely kept her feelings hidden. Then one day, plagued by a phobia that was unrelated to her gender identity or sexual orientation, she sought help from her University of Oregon Medical School professor and doctor J. Allen Gilbert.

Suspecting Hart was hiding a deeper secret, Gilbert encouraged her to confide in him. After two weeks of deliberation, Hart returned to the doctor and revealed her entire life story. At first Hart sought psychiatric help from Gilbert, attempting to convert herself into a conventional woman.

Therapy failed. Hypnosis failed. Finally, Hart halted the process—if the conversion worked, she realized, she would no longer think, feel or act like a man.

And that thought repulsed her. €œSuicide had been repeatedly considered as an avenue of escape from her dilemma,” Gilbert later wrote in his 1920 case study “Homo-Sexuality and Its Treatment,” in which he referred to Hart anonymously as “H.” “After treatment ... Proved itself unavailing, she came with the request that I help her prepare definitely and permanently for the role of the male in conformity with her real nature all these years...,” Gilbert continued.

€œHysterectomy was performed, her hair was cut, a complete male outfit was secured and ... She made her exit as a female and started as a male with a new hold on life and ambitions worthy of her high degree of intellectuality.” An Undaunted Trailblazer After transitioning, Hart was hired as an intern at San Francisco Hospital in November 1917. He lodged with a fellow male intern and hung a photograph of a woman named Inez Stark on his boarding-room wall, describing her to others as his wife.

(Hart and Stark, a schoolteacher, were then romantically involved but not officially married.) Three months later, in February 1918, Hart applied for a laboratory position with physician Harry Alderson at the nearby Lane Hospital. Then something awful happened. €œGirl Poses as Male Doctor in Hospital,” roared the headline of an article in the February 5, 1918, edition of the San Francisco Examiner.

€œIntern Unmasked as Girl Graduate of Oregon School,” reported Portland’s Oregon Daily Journal on the same day. €œWoman Poses as Man Interne in Hospital at Frisco,” echoed the Austin American on February 6. It turned out that a former Stanford classmate had recognized Hart while he was applying for the Lane Hospital job, and had mentioned his past to someone on San Francisco Hospital’s staff.

The news eventually made its way to a hospital superintendent—and then into national headlines. Hart abruptly resigned his internship and headed home to Oregon, but stood by his conviction to transition to a man. €œI had to do it,” Hart said in the March 26, 1918, edition of the Albany Daily Democrat.

€œFor years I had been unhappy. With all the inclinations and desires of the boy I had to restrain myself to the more conventional ways of the other sex. I have been happier since I made this change than I ever have in my life, and I will continue this way as long as I live.

Very few people can understand…, and I have had some of the biggest insults of my career…. I came home to show my friends that I am ashamed of nothing.” But Hart’s hardships continued. Later in 1918 he quietly began practicing in the tiny, out-of-the-way coastal town of Gardiner, Ore.—but again, he was recognized and had to move.

Hart wrote four medical novels throughout his life. His first, Dr. Mallory, is set in Gardiner and features a fictitious “Dr.

Gilbert” who sheds light on Hart’s real-life hurdles. €œShe ‘made good’ in every way, until she was recognized…,” Dr. Gilbert says in Dr.

Mallory, speaking of a female character.“Then the hounding process began.” Between 1918 and 1927, Hart worked as a doctor in at least seven states, married and divorced Inez Stark, then graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a master’s in radiology in 1928. Hart bounced from state to state—and repeatedly, his fictional characters seemed to offer glimpses of his own struggles. The 1909 Albany College Debate Team.

Clark Special Collections &. Archives “When it came to outrunning gossip he found he couldn’t do it,” Hart wrote of Sandy Farquhar, a gay male character, in his 1936 novel The Undaunted. €œHe went into radiology because he thought it wouldn’t matter so much in a laboratory what a man’s personality was.

But wherever he went, scandal followed him sooner or later ... His story would get around and then he’d be forced to leave.” In The Undaunted, Farquhar commits suicide. But Hart kept going—and saved the lives of countless others.

€œHart was a pioneer in using chest x-rays to detect tuberculosis,” says Elliot Fishman, a radiologist at Johns Hopkins University. €œAt that point, no one was really screening for TB. Sure, if you were coughing up blood, you would get x-rays, but no one was getting ahead of the disease.

One in four patients had TB. Many of them were asymptomatic. Because of Hart, doctors were able to treat patients before they had complications.

And since TB is an infectious disease, he was able to separate TB patients from others to stop the spread.” “Tuberculosis was a very stigmatizing disease,” says Cristina Fuss, a cardiothoracic radiologist and associate professor of diagnostic radiology at Hart’s medical alma mater, now known as Oregon Health &. Science University. €œBecause of his own story, I imagine he could really empathize with someone who was struggling with being labeled.

Today we still use x-rays to diagnose TB—they remain a hallmark of screening for TB. Hart was certainly a trailblazer.” Hart worked with TB patients in Washington State and Idaho before moving to Connecticut, where he earned a master’s in public health from Yale University in 1948 at age 57. He continued his TB work in Connecticut.

€œHart worked for the department of public health,” Fishman says. €œTB is a public health problem. He was able to combine his interest in radiology with his interest in public health.

I imagine his work helped create other programs across the country.” Rewriting History Hart lived out the rest of his life in West Hartford, Conn., with his second wife Edna Ruddick, before dying of heart disease at age 71 on July 1, 1962. In his will, Hart instructed an attorney to destroy the personal photographs and records he had stored in two locked boxes. But in 1976 historian Jonathan Katz identified Hart as “H” in Gilbert’s 1920 case study, and unearthed the doctor’s story.

Six years later Edna Ruddick Hart died, leaving the majority of her estate to the Medical Research Foundation of Oregon in honor of her late husband. €œWhen uncovering the story of someone from the past, especially someone from the early 20th century—someone who, today, we would identify as transgender,” says Peter Boag, a history professor at Washington State University and an award-winning LGBT historian, “we have to remember that, although the trans identity is recent in history, people often forget that trans people lived in the past. Uncovering the story of any trans person is not just something that affirms trans people’s existence today.

It rewrites our history.” Editor’s Note. Up until 1917, Hart publicly identified as Alberta Lucille Hart and used the pronoun “she.” After transitioning that year, Hart publicly identified as Alan L. Hart and used the pronoun “he.”No one in her village faced food shortages during the lockdowns, nor did they suffer from anti inflammatory drugs, Moligeri Chandramma assured me through an interpreter this past March.

A farmer in the drylands of southern India, she grows more than 40 species and varieties of crops—mostly native millets, rice, lentils and spices—on a bit more than a hectare of land. Chandramma is a member of the Deccan Development Society (DDS), a cooperative of nearly 5,000 Dalit (oppressed caste) and Adivasi (Indigenous) women whose remarkable integration of biodiversity conservation with agricultural livelihoods earned them the United Nations' prestigious Equator Award in 2019. Emerging from a situation of extreme malnutrition and social and gender discrimination in the 1980s, these farmers now enjoy food sovereignty and economic security.

Not only are they weathering the symbicort, in 2020 each family in DDS contributed around 10 kilograms of food grains to the region's relief effort for those without land and livelihoods. On the other side of the world, six Indigenous Quechua communities of the Peruvian Andes govern the Parque de la Papa (Potato Park) in Pisac, Cusco, a mountainous landscape that is one of the original homelands of the potato. They protect the region as a “biocultural heritage” territory, a trove of biological and cultural riches inherited from ancestors, and conserve more than 1,300 varieties of potato.

When I visited in 2008 with other researchers and activists, I was stunned into silence by the diversity. €œThis is the outcome of 20 years' consistent work in relocalizing our food system, from a time when we had become too dependent on outside agencies for our basic needs,” farmer Mariano Sutta Apocusi told Local Futures, an organization dedicated to strengthening communities worldwide, in August 2020. €œFocusing on the local has helped us improve access to and affordability of a great diversity of food products—especially native potatoes, quinoa, kiwicha, other Andean tubers and maize, which we cultivate using Indigenous agroecological methods.” The communities instituted strong health and safety measures when the symbicort hit, even as they harvested a bumper crop and distributed more than a ton of potatoes to migrants, the elderly and a shelter for abused teenage mothers in Cusco town.

In Europe, many “solidarity economy” initiatives, which promote a culture of caring and sharing, swung into action when anti inflammatory drugs-related lockdowns rendered massive numbers of people jobless. In Lisbon, Portugal, the social centers Disgraa and RDA69, which strive to re-create community life in an otherwise highly fragmented urban situation, reached out with free or cheap food to whoever needed it. They provided not only meals but also spaces where refugees, the homeless, unemployed young people and others who might otherwise have fallen through the cracks could interact with and develop relationships with better-off families, creating a social-security network of sorts.

The organizers trusted those with adequate means to donate food or funds to the effort, strengthening the feeling of community in surrounding neighborhoods. The symbicort has exposed the brittleness of a globalized economy that is advertised as benefiting everyone but in fact creates deep inequalities and insecurities. In India alone, 75 million people fell below the poverty line in 2020.

Globally, hundreds of millions who depend for their survival and livelihoods on the long-distance trade and exchange of goods and services were badly hit. Similar, albeit less extreme, dislocations also appeared during the 2008 financial crisis, when commodity speculation, along with the diversion of food grains to biofuel production, precipitated a steep rise in global grain prices, leading to hunger and food riots in many countries that depended on imported food. Threats to survival also emerge when war or other dislocations stop the movement of goods.

In such crises, communities fare better if they have local markets and services and can provide their own food, energy and water while taking care of the less fortunate. Moligeri Chandramma manages the DDS seed bank (top). It contains more than 70 species and varieties of crops.

People gathered (bottom) in 2005 to mark 20 years of sustained protests against dam construction on the Narmada River. Credit. Ashish Kothari The value of these alternative ways of living goes far beyond their resilience during relatively short-term upheavals like the symbicort, however.

As a researcher and environmental activist based in a “developing” country, I have long advocated that the worldviews of peoples who live close to nature be incorporated into global strategies for wildlife protection, such as at the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity. And in recent decades I have come to agree with critics of globalization such as social scientist and environmentalist Wolfgang Sachs that fending off calamities like biodiversity collapse will require not only environmental adaptations but also radical changes to the dominant economic, social and even political paradigms. In 2014 a few of us in India initiated a process to explore pathways to a world in which people are at peace with one another and with nature.

Five years later (and fortuitously, just before the symbicort hit), the endeavor grew into an international online network we called the Global Tapestry of Alternatives. These conversations and other research indicate that viable options, no matter where they are, tend to be based on self-reliance and solidarity. Such values are at odds with globalization, which delivers to denizens of the Global North (the better off, no matter where we live) many things that we have come to regard as essential.

In contrast to the promise of ever increasing material wealth that underpins our civilization, peoples who live near or beyond its margins have a multitude of visions for living well, each tailored to the specifics of their ecosystems and cultures. To walk away from the cliff edge of irreversible destabilization of the biosphere, I believe we must enable alternative structures, such as those of the Dalit farmers, the Quechua conservers and the Lisbon volunteers, to flourish and link up into a tapestry that ultimately covers the globe. An Enlightening Journey Growing up in India, where lifestyles that are intimately entwined with the natural environment survive in large pockets, unquestionably influenced my ideas of what constitutes true sustainability.

In the 1970s, as a high school student who loved bird-watching in forests around Delhi, I joined classmates to demonstrate outside the Saudi Arabian embassy when some princes arrived in the country to hunt the (now critically endangered) Great Indian Bustard. Our protest, along with that of the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan, which traditionally protects these birds and other wildlife, embarrassed the Indian government into requesting that the hunters go home. Many of us went on to campaign for protection of the Delhi Ridge Forest, one of the world's biggest urban jungles.

In 1979 we formed an environmental group to systematize our efforts. We called it Kalpavriksh, after a mythical tree that makes wishes come true. The name symbolized our growing awareness that nature gives us everything.

Our activism would teach us at least as much as we learned in school and college. While investigating the sources of Delhi's air pollution, for instance, we interviewed villagers who lived around a coal-fired power plant just outside the city. They turned out to be far worse affected by its dust and pollution than we city dwellers were—although they got none of its electricity.

The benefits of the project flowed mainly to those who were already better off, whereas the disempowered experienced most of the harms. In late 1980 we traveled to the western Himalayans to meet the protagonists of the iconic Chipko movement. Since 1973 village women had been protecting trees slated for logging by the forest department or by companies based in the Indian plains with their bodies.

The deodars being felled, as well as the oaks, rhododendrons, and other species, were sacred, the women told us, as well as being essential for their survival. They provided cattle fodder, fertilizer and wild foods and sustained their water sources. Even as an urban student, I could see the central role that rural women played in protecting the environment—as well as the injustice of distant bureaucrats making decisions with little concern for how they impacted those on the ground.

Parque de la Papa (top) in Peru is one of the original homelands of the potato. The Quechua Indigenous people (middle) govern the region as a “biocultural heritage” territory, conserving a remarkable diversity of potatoes (bottom). Credit.

Ashish Kothari Soon after, my friends and I learned that 30 major dams were to be constructed on the Narmada River basin in central India. Millions worshipped the Narmada as a tempestuous but bountiful goddess—so pristine that the Ganga is believed to visit her every year to wash away her sins. Trekking, boating and riding buses along its length of 1,300 kilometers, we were dazzled by waterfalls plunging into spectacular gorges, densely forested slopes teeming with wildlife, fields of diverse crops, thriving villages and ancient temples, all of which would be drowned.

We began to question the concept of development itself. Surely the destruction would far outweigh any possible benefits?. Almost four decades later our fears have proved tragically true.

Hundreds of thousands of displaced people still await proper rehabilitation, and the river downstream of the dams has become a trickle—enabling seawater to reach 100 kilometers inland. Over the years I came to understand how powerful economic forces reach around the globe to intimately link social injustice with ecological destruction. The era of colonization and slavery vastly expanded the economic and military reach of some nation-states and their allied corporations, enabling the worldwide extraction of natural resources and exploitation of labor to feed the emerging industrial revolution in Europe and North America.

Economic historians, anthropologists and others have demonstrated how this painful history laid the foundation of today's global economy. Apart from driving irreversible ecological damage, this economic system robs many communities of access to the commons—to rivers, meadows and forests essential for their survival—while creating a dependence on external markets. The massive suffering during the symbicort has merely exposed these historical and contemporary fault lines.

During my wanderings over the decades and especially while researching a book with economist Aseem Shrivastava, I became aware of a far more hopeful trend. Across the country and indeed around the world, hundreds of social movements are empowering the marginalized to wrest back control over their lives and livelihoods. In 2014 Kalpavriksh initiated a series of gatherings called Vikalp Sangam, or Confluence of Alternatives, where the drivers of these spirited efforts could come together, share ideas and experiences, and collaborate, helping to build a critical mass for change.

These interactions and eclectic reading gave me insights into a vital question I was investigating. What are the essential characteristics of desirable and viable alternatives?. Happily, I was far from alone in this quest.

At a degrowth conference in Leipzig in 2014, I was excited to hear Alberto Acosta, an economist and former politician from Ecuador, speaking on buen vivir, an Indigenous worldview founded on living well with one another and with the rest of nature. Although Acosta spoke no English and I spoke no Spanish, we tried excitedly to converse. Subsequently, degrowth expert Federico Demario joined us and helped to translate.

We decided to work on a compilation of thriving alternatives from around the world—jotting down 20 possible ideas on the back of an envelope. Later we roped in development critic Arturo Escobar and ecofeminist Ariel Salleh as co-editors of a volume we called Pluriverse. The number of entries expanded to more than 100.

Commonalities Though dazzlingly diverse, the alternatives emerging worldwide share certain core principles. The most important is sustaining or reviving community governance of the commons—of land, ecosystems, seeds, water and knowledge. In 12th-century England, powerful people began fencing off, or “enclosing,” fields, meadows, forests and streams that had hitherto been used by all.

Enclosures by landlords and industrialists expanded to Europe and accelerated with the industrial revolution, forcing tens of millions of dispossessed people to either become factory workers or emigrate to the New World, devastating native populations. Imperial nations seized large portions of continents and reconfigured the economies of the colonies, extracting raw materials for factories, capturing markets for exports of manufactured goods and obtaining foods such as wheat, sugar and tea for the newly created working class. In this way, colonizers and their allies established a system of perpetual economic domination that generated the Global North and the Global South (the world of the marginalized, no matter where they live).

The wave of anticolonial movements in the first few decades of the 20th century, many of them successful, sparked fears that supplies of raw materials for industries and markets for finished goods of higher value would dry up. President Harry S. Truman responded by launching a program for alleviating poverty in what he described as “underdeveloped areas” with their “primitive and stagnant” economies.

As detailed by ecologist Debal Deb, newly formed financial institutions controlled by the rich countries helped the ex-colonies “develop” along the path blazed by the West, providing the materials and energy sources for and creating markets for cars, refrigerators and other consumer goods. An integral aspect of development, as thus conceived, propagated and usually enforced by stringent conditions attached to loans from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, has been privatization or state confiscation of the commons to extract metals, oil and water. Credit.

Federica Fragapane. Source. €œAlternatives Transformation Format.

A Process for Self-Assessment and Facilitation towards Radical Change,” prepared by Kalpavriksh for ACKnowl-EJ (chart reference) As Elinor Ostrom, winner of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, demonstrated, however, the commons are far more sustainably governed by the communities from which they are wrested than by the governments or corporations that claim them. This awareness has given rise to innumerable grassroots efforts to protect the surviving commons and reestablish control over others. What constitutes the commons has also expanded to include “physical and knowledge resources that we all share for everyone's benefit,” explains sociologist Ana Margarida Esteves, who helps with the European Commons Assembly, an umbrella organization for hundreds of such endeavors.

Many of the efforts resemble the DDS and the Parque de la Papa in using community governance of commonly held resources to enhance agroecology (smallholder farming that sustains soil, water and biodiversity) and food sovereignty (control over all means of food production, including land, soil, seeds and the knowledge of how to use them). The food-sovereignty movement La Via Campesina, which originated in Brazil in 1993, now includes about 200 million farmers in 81 countries. Such attempts at self-reliance and community governance extend also to other basic needs, such as for energy and water.

In Costa Rica, Spain and Italy, rural cooperatives have been generating electricity locally and controlling its distribution since the 1990s. And hundreds of villages in western India have moved toward “water democracy,” based on decentralized harvesting of water and community management of wetlands and groundwater. Mobilizing people to sustain, build or rebuild local systems of knowledge is essential to such ventures.

Secure rights to govern the commons are also important. In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the Sapara Indigenous people fought hard to gain collective rights over their rain-forest home. They are now defending it against oil and mining interests while developing a model of economic well-being that blends their traditional cosmovisions—ways of knowing, being and doing that are physically and spiritually linked to their environs—with new activities such as community-led ecotourism.

Their income from tourism has dropped during the symbicort, but their forests and community ethic give them almost all the food, water, energy, housing, medicines, enjoyment, health and learning that they need. They are now offering online sessions on their cosmovisions, dream analysis and healing. I participated in such sessions in person in their Naku ecotourism camp in 2019.

The virtual version is not as immersive but nonetheless represents an innovative adaptation to the circumstances. Greening cities or making them more welcoming, as the Lisbon social centers do, also requires community-based governance and economies of caring and sharing. Across the Global South, development projects have driven hundreds of millions of people to cities, where they live in slums and work in hazardous conditions.

Wealthy city dwellers could do their part by consuming less, which would reduce the extraction and waste dumping that displace people in faraway places. A spectrum of avenues toward more equitable and sustainable cities has emerged. These include, for example, the Transition Movement, which is attempting to regenerate the commons and make European cities carbon-neutral, and the municipalism movement, which is creating a network of Fearless Cities, among them Barcelona, Valparaiso, Madrid and Athens, to provide secure environments for refugees and migrants.

Urban agriculture in Havana supplies more than half of its fresh food requirements and has inspired many other city farming initiatives around the world. Five Petals These initiatives point to the need for fundamental transformations in five interconnected realms. In the economic sphere, we need to get away from the development paradigm—including the notion that economic growth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), is the best means of achieving human goals.

In its place, we need systems for respecting ecological limits, emphasizing well-being in all its dimensions and localizing exchanges to enable self-reliance—as well as good measures of these indicators. Bhutan has long experimented with gross national happiness as an index. The idea has spawned variants, such as New Zealand's recent focus on mental health and other such measures of progress.

We also need freedom from centralized monetary and financial control. Many experiments in alternative currencies and economies based on trust and local exchanges are underway. Perhaps the most innovative of these is “time banking,” a system for swapping services founded on the principle that all skills or occupations merit equal respect.

One can, for example, give a one-hour-long yoga lesson for credit that can be redeemed for an hour's work on bicycle repair. In many parts of the world, workers are seeking to control the means of production. Land, nature, knowledge and tools.

A few years back I visited Vio.Me, a detergent factory in Thessaloniki, Greece, which workers had taken over and converted from chemical to olive-oil-based and eco-friendly production, and where they had established complete parity in pay, regardless of what job the worker was doing. The slogan on their wall proclaimed. €œWe have no boss!.

€ Workers such as Dimitris Koumatsioulis (top) collectively run Vio.Me, an eco-friendly detergent factory in Thessaloniki, Greece. In Prague, Czech Republic, people buy and sell locally (bottom) at a farmers' and producers' market. Credit.

Ashish Kothari In fact, work itself is being redefined. Globalized modernity has created a chasm between work and leisure—which is why we wait desperately for the weekend!. Many movements seek to bridge this gap, enabling greater enjoyment, creativity and satisfaction.

In industrial countries, people are bringing back manual ways of making clothes, footwear or processed foods under banners such as “The future is handmade!. € In western India, many young people are leaving soul-killing routines in factories to return to handloom weaving, which allows them to control their schedules while providing a creative outlet. In the political sphere, the centralization of power inherent in the nation-state, whether democratic or authoritarian, disempowers many peoples.

The Sapara nation in Ecuador and the Adivasis of central India argue for a more direct democracy, where power resides primarily with the community. The state—insofar as it continues to exist—would then mainly help with larger-scale coordination while being strictly accountable to decision-making units on the ground. The ancient Indian notion of swaraj, literally translated as “self-rule,” is particularly relevant here.

It emphasizes individual and collective autonomy and freedom that are linked to responsibility for others' autonomy and freedom. A community that practices swaraj may not dam a stream, for example, if that threatens the water supply of downstream villages. Its well-being cannot compromise that of others.

Such a notion of democracy also challenges the boundaries of nation-states, many of which are products of colonial history and have ruptured ecologically and culturally contiguous areas. The Kurdish people, for instance, are split among Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For three decades they have struggled to achieve autonomy and direct democracy based on principles of ecological sustainability and women's liberation—and without borders dividing them.

And Indigenous groups in Mexico collectively identifying as Zapatistas have for more than three decades asserted and sustained an autonomous region based on similar principles. Moving toward such radical democracy would suggest a world with far fewer borders, weaving tens of thousands of relatively autonomous and self-reliant communities into a tapestry of alternatives. These societies would connect with one another through “horizontal” networks of equitable and respectful exchange, as well as through “vertical” but downwardly accountable institutions that manage processes and activities across the landscape.

Several experiments in bioregionalism at large scales are underway, although most remain somewhat top-down in their governance. In Australia, the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative seeks to coordinate the conservation of ecosystems across 3,600 kilometers while sustaining livelihoods and community health. And a project spanning six countries in the Andes aims to conserve as a World Heritage Site the Qhapaq an, a 30,000-kilometer network of roads built by the Inca Empire, along with its related cultural, historical and environmental heritage.

Local self-governance may, of course, be oppressive or exclusionary. The intensely patriarchal and casteist traditional village councils in many parts of India and the xenophobic antirefugee approaches of the right wing in Europe illustrate this drawback. A third crucial sphere of transformation is therefore social justice, encompassing struggles against racism, casteism, patriarchy, and other traditional or modern forms of discrimination and exploitation.

Fortunately, success in defying the dominant economic system often goes hand in hand with victories against discrimination, such as Dalit women farmers' shaking off centuries of caste and patriarchal oppression to achieve food sovereignty. Political autonomy and economic self-reliance need not mean isolationism and xenophobia. Rather cultural and material exchanges that maintain local self-reliance and respect ecological sustainability would replace present-day globalization—which perversely allows goods and finances to flow freely but stops desperate humans at borders.

This kind of localization would be open to people in need. Refugees from climate change or war would be welcomed, as in the network of Fearless Cities in Europe. Both grounded practice and shifts in policy could help transit toward such a system.

Necessary, of course, are attempts to rebuild societies in regions of strife so that people do not have to flee from them. Radical change also necessitates transformations in a fourth sphere. That of culture and knowledge.

Globalization devalues languages, cultures and knowledge systems that do not adapt to development. Several movements are confronting this homogenizing tendency. The Sapara nation is trying to resuscitate its almost extinct language and preserve its knowledge of the forest by bringing these into the curriculum of the local school, for instance.

Many communities are “decolonizing” maps, putting back their own place names and defying political borders. Even the colonial-era Mercator projection used to generate the familiar world map is being upended. (Only recently did I realize that Africa is large enough to contain Europe, China, the U.S.

And India put together.) Increasingly, traditional and modern sciences are collaborating to help solve humankind's most vexing problems. The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment, for example, involves cooperation among Indigenous peoples and university scientists to tackle climate change. One problem is that present-day educational institutions train graduates who are equipped to serve and perpetuate the dominant economic system.

People are bringing community and nature back into spaces of learning, however. These efforts include Forest Schools in many parts of Europe that provide children with hands-on learning in the midst of nature, the Zapatista autonomous schools that teach about diverse cultures and struggles, and the Ecoversities Alliance of centers of higher learning around the world that enable scholars to seek knowledge across the boundaries that typically separate academic disciplines. The most important sphere of transformation, however, is the ecological—recognizing that we are part of nature and that other species are worthy of respect in their own right.

Across the Global South, communities are leading efforts to regenerate degraded ecosystems and wildlife populations and conserve biodiversity. Tens of thousands of “territories of life” are being governed by Indigenous or other local communities, for example. These include locally managed marine areas in the South Pacific, Indigenous territories in Latin America and Australia, community forests in South Asia, and the Ancestral Domain territories in the Philippines.

Also noteworthy is recent legislation or court judgments in several countries asserting that rivers, for example, enjoy the same protections as people. The United Nations' 2009 Declaration on Harmony with Nature is an important milestone toward such a goal. Values I am often asked how one scales up successful alternatives.

It would be self-defeating, however, to try to either scale up or replicate a DDS or a Parque de la Papa. The essence of this approach is diversity. The recognition that every situation is different.

What people can do—and this, indeed, is how successful initiatives spread—is understand the underlying values and apply these in their own communities while networking with like ventures to spread the impact. The Vikalp Sangam process has identified the following values as crucial. Solidarity, dignity, interconnectedness, rights and responsibilities, diversity, autonomy and freedom, self-reliance and self-determination, simplicity, nonviolence and respect for all life.

Around the world both ancient and modern worldviews that are focused on life articulate similar principles. Indigenous peoples and other local communities have lived by worldviews such as buen vivir, swaraj, ubuntu (an African philosophy that sees the well-being of all living things as interconnected) and many other such ethical systems for centuries and are reasserting them. Simultaneously, approaches such as degrowth and ecofeminism have emerged from within industrial societies, seeding powerful countercultures.

At the heart of these worldviews lies a simple principle. That we are all holders of power. That in the exercise of this power, we not only assert our own autonomy and freedom but also are responsible for ensuring the autonomy of others.

Such a swaraj merges with ecological sustainability to create an eco-swaraj, encompassing respect for all life. Clearly, such fundamental transformations face a deeply entrenched status quo that retaliates violently wherever it perceives a threat. Hundreds of environmental defenders are murdered every year.

Another serious challenge is the unfamiliarity many people in the Global North have with ideals of a good life beyond the American dream. Even so, the fact that many progressive initiatives are thriving and new ones are sprouting suggests that a combination of resistance and constructive alternatives does stand a chance. The anti inflammatory drugs symbicort is a catastrophe that presents humankind with a choice.

Will we head right back toward some semblance of the old normal, or will we adopt new pathways out of global ecological and social crises?. To maximize the likelihood of the latter, we need to go well beyond the Green New Deal approaches in the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere. Their intense focus on the climate crisis and worker rights is valuable, but we also need to challenge unsustainable consumption patterns, glaring inequalities and the need for centralized nation-states.

Truly life-sustaining recoveries would emphasize all the spheres of eco-swaraj, arrived at via four pathways. One is the creation or revival of dignified, secure and self-reliant livelihoods for two billion people based on collective governance of natural resources and small-scale production processes such as farming, fisheries, crafts, manufacturing and services. Another is a program for regeneration and conservation of ecosystems, led by Indigenous peoples and local communities.

A third is immediate public investments in health, education, transportation, housing, energy and other basic needs, planned and delivered by local democratic governance. Finally, incentives and disincentives to make production and consumption patterns sustainable are crucial. These approaches would integrate sustainability, equality and diversity, giving everyone, especially the most marginalized, a voice.

A proposal for a million climate jobs in South Africa is of this nature, as is a feminist recovery plan for Hawaii and several other proposals for social justice in other countries. None of this will be easy, but I believe it is essential if we are to make peace with Earth and among ourselves.NEW YORK HARBOR—It’s an odd scene in New York Harbor. On the banks of tree-lined Governors Island, a small group has gathered to watch a tiny gray boat anchor itself in the water.

Two figures lean over the side of the vessel, their red life vests standing out against the slate waves. Each clutches several rust-colored mesh sacks, dangling just above the surface of the water. €œOne ...

Two ... Three!. € With that, they drop the bags and watch them sink into the murky depths.

Each sack is filled with dozens of live oysters. Ten feet below the little boat, they settle into their home at the bottom of the harbor. An artificial reef, made of steel and wire structures resting on mounds of rock and shell.

A few moments later, a pair of divers in fins and masks slip into the water and position the sacks around the wire “oyster condos.” Then they leave the shellfish to the joys of city living under the sea. By the time the biodegradable sacks dissolve, typically within a month or so, the oysters should be slowly growing together in neighborly clusters beneath the waves. This latest deposit—about 5,000 oysters in total—is part of a special program known as SOAR, or Supporting Oyster Aquaculture and Restoration, a partnership between the Nature Conservancy and the Pew Charitable Trusts.

Born out of the anti-inflammatories symbicort, the program began as a way to prevent farmed oysters from going to waste while restaurants were still shut down. SOAR purchases oysters from farmers who would otherwise be unable to sell them, then partners with local oyster restoration projects to return the shellfish to their natural habitats. That has built-in benefits for coastal ecosystems.

Oyster reefs help clean and filter the water, provide natural habitat for fish, and buffer coastlines against the erosion caused by wave action and sea-level rise. SOAR’s New York partner is a program known as the Billion Oyster Project. Founded in 2014 by Murray Fisher and Pete Malinowski, it aims to restore 1 billion oysters to New York Harbor over the next 15 years.

So far, it’s installed 14 reefs across the city. This recent batch is likely the last bunch of oysters to be planted in New York City through the SOAR project—at least for the time being. With the anti inflammatory drugs treatment rollout in full swing, the city has largely reopened, and restaurants have resumed serving shellfish.

But the program will likely continue in other forms, according to Jennifer Browning, director of Pew’s U.S. Oceans program. SOAR is working to establish a permanent market, providing funding for oyster restoration projects to purchase otherwise “unsellable” oysters from farmers.

Even without the pressure of the symbicort, “anywhere from 15 to 20% of all the oysters grown by oyster farmers can’t be sold to restaurants—they’re too big or ugly or flat,” Browning told E&E News. €œBut if those oyster growers knew that that 20%, they could sell that, that’s a huge benefit to them—and a huge benefit to the oyster restoration community.” A global decline New York Harbor was once an oyster capital of the country. €œBack in the day, here in New York City, oysters were sold on street corners like pretzels are today,” said Rob Jones, global lead for the Nature Conservancy’s aquaculture program.

But over the last century, they’ve largely disappeared. In New York, that’s mainly because of pollution. As the city grew and developed, more and more sewage was diverted into the harbor.

Eventually, it became unsafe to harvest oysters, and the industry shuttered. In years since, “there are a lot of other reasons why oysters didn’t continue to thrive," said Katie Mosher, the Billion Oyster Project’s director of programs. Dredging, used to deepen and expand the harbor, killed many of them off.

Disease and poor water quality played a role, too. It’s not a problem that’s unique to New York. Oyster populations have plummeted up and down U.S.

Coastlines and elsewhere around the globe. They were decimated by overharvesting, pollution, disease and habitat destruction. In a 2011 study published in BioScience, experts estimated that about 85% of the world’s oyster reefs have vanished over the last century.

Today, scientists and environmentalists are working to bring them back. The ecosystem benefits are clear, Jones said. Oysters provide a natural cleaning service, filtering toxins out of the water.

And their clustered reefs become natural homes for fish and other marine animals, just as coral reefs do in the tropics. Like coral reefs, they also protect coastlines from erosion, breaking up waves before they hit the shore. It’s an increasingly attractive service as climate change warms the planet.

Sea-level rise is a growing threat to coastal communities worldwide, eroding shorelines and worsening floods. At the same time, global warming is making hurricanes more intense. That increases the odds of extreme storm surge and major damage to the coast.

With their coastlines flooding and their beaches steadily washing away, coastal communities are making increasingly costly investments in shoreline protections. Multibillion-dollar interventions, including building sea walls and diverting major rivers, have recently been proposed, in places such as Louisiana, South Carolina and New York. At the same time, there’s a growing push in some coastal communities for cheaper, more sustainable interventions.

€œLiving shorelines” offer one alternative. These are naturally cultivated coastal buffers, made up of sand, rock, marshlands and vegetation—and, sometimes, oyster reefs. The combination of these natural protections, when put together, tends to make the biggest difference, said Antonio Rodriguez, an expert on coastal geology at the University of North Carolina.

In the Southeast, for instance, where beaches are often soft and easily eroded, “the iconic configuration would be to have upland, which is a forest, and then salt marsh, and then oyster reefs,” he said. Where natural oyster reefs have largely disappeared, experts say putting them back may help restore some natural protection. And case studies on rapidly eroding shorelines—for instance, in Alabama and Bangladesh—have shown that it can actually work.

It’s not a new idea—communities up and down the coasts have been experimenting with oyster restoration and living shorelines for decades. But the concept has gained attention in recent years with the growing threat of climate change and sea-level rise. Living shoreline projects have cropped up everywhere from the Chesapeake Bay to Alabama’s Gulf shore.

Meanwhile, organizations like Pew and the Nature Conservancy are working to expand local restoration projects. €œWe are working with states—New York, New Jersey, but also in the Gulf in Mississippi and Louisiana—to help them develop oyster restoration plans,” Browning said. €œWe do the research—where could you put oyster farmers, where would oyster restoration occur—so that every state has sort of a long-term plan for rebuilding their oyster population.” Restoration and climate change The question now is whether oysters themselves will be able to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

There’s evidence that they can, according to Rodriguez. There are two different types of oyster reefs, adapted to different kinds of conditions. Subtidal oysters stay permanently submerged beneath the water.

Intertidal oysters, on the other hand, grow closer to the shore, where the tide ebbs and flows. They’re sometimes submerged and sometimes exposed. There’s a sweet spot for these intertidal oysters, research has found.

Too much water or too much air can destroy them. Intertidal oyster reefs may have slightly more value as coastal protections, Rodriguez noted. They’re more common in the South, where shorelines tend to be softer and more vulnerable to erosion.

They also grow closer to the shore, meaning they may be better at breaking up waves. As sea levels rise, there’s the potential that they could be permanently submerged. But Rodriguez says there’s evidence that oysters can adapt.

One of his own studies, published in 2014 in Nature Climate Change, found that oyster reefs in the Mid-Atlantic may grow faster than scientists previously believed. That means they may be able to keep pace with the rate of sea-level rise and build up before the rising ocean can drown them. Still, Rodriguez cautioned that oyster reefs shouldn’t be considered a silver bullet for coastal climate concerns.

While studies show that reef restoration can make a difference, it depends on how long the reefs actually last. Rodriguez says he’s seen new reefs thrive in their first year or so, only to collapse later as predators move in. Long-term monitoring is key in these cases, he said.

But restoration studies are often funded for only a few years. €œBefore we jump into multimillion-dollar projects, we need to start slowly and do some test projects before we scale up,” he suggested. €œLots of investments are made in oyster restoration, and it’s monitored for a year after, and it usually shows that they’re doing really well.

If you go back five years from now, are they still doing well?. € Restoration projects must also choose their sites carefully, said John Grabowski, a marine scientist at Northeastern University. They must be mindful of water quality and the softness of sediments so oysters don’t catch diseases or get buried in mud.

But there’s reason to believe that well-crafted restoration projects can have long-term success, Grabowski added. Follow-up studies, looking at restored reefs years or even decades after they were first planted, have found that some of them are still thriving. €œThe studies that are out there that look longer-term definitely suggest that oyster restoration can sustain living reefs for much longer than just a year or two,” he said.

That said, there are still untold threats from climate change. Without serious efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions and curb global warming, oyster reefs and other coastal protections can only do so much. They may buffer shorelines against erosion, but they can’t halt the process—especially as sea-level rise accelerates and hurricanes intensify.

€œOyster reefs can definitely reduce wave energy—when coupled with marshes, they can slow down coastal flooding—but my fear is that the system is gonna be overwhelmed, given the scale of the problem,” Grabowski said. That doesn’t mean restoration projects shouldn’t continue. €œRemember, they provide a whole host of services, and even if they don’t fully stop coastal flooding, they’re filtering the water.

They’re providing habitat for fishes and providing other important services,” he said. €œThose are services we shouldn’t forget about, even though climate change is the existential threat we’re all worried about.” Reprinted from E&E News with permission from POLITICO, LLC. Copyright 2021.

E&E News provides essential news for energy and environment professionals.Over the past century, many notable symbicortes have emerged from animals to cause widespread illness and death in people. The list includes the pathogens behind symbicort influenza, Ebola, Zika, West Nile fever, SARS, and now anti inflammatory drugs, brought on by the symbicort anti-inflammatories. For all of these microbes, the animal species that served as the original source of spillover was hard to find.

And for many, that source still has not been conclusively identified. Confirming the circumstances and key participants involved in the early emergence of an infectious disease is a holy grail of this type of scientific inquiry. Difficult to track and even more difficult to prove.

In ideal conditions, the first human cases involved in a zoonotic disease spillover (when a pathogen jumps from animals to humans) are reported in connection to animals present at the time of the event. This happens when the cluster of cases is large enough to be investigated and reported. But it is not necessarily the first time spillover occurred.

Most spillovers are limited to more narrow animal-to-human cases. Once pathogens start to spread by human-to-human transmission, the tracks leading back to the initial animal source grow faint and become nearly impossible to follow. Thus, animal sources for symbicortes that cause symbicorts often remain shrouded in mystery.

For some symbicortes, animal sources have been implicated after years or decades of large-scale international investigations. For other symbicortes, animal sources are highly suspected, but enough evidence has yet to be produced to pinpoint an exact species or range of species. Typically, lines of evidence are drawn over time through a trove of peer-reviewed publications, each building on the research that came before it, using more precise methods to narrow the field of possible sources.

The scientific process is naturally self-correcting. Often seemingly contradictory hypotheses can initially flood the field, especially for high-impact outbreaks. But eventually, some of them are ruled out, and lines of investigation are narrowed.

Frequently, this investigative research only points to a group of suspected species, possibly a few most likely genera or, more often, an entire taxonomic order. That is because the symbicort has not actually been found in the suspected animal source in such cases. The evidence instead revolves around closely related symbicortes or their most recent common ancestors, based on inferred evolutionary history.

If a symbicort was found in animal samples after the same pathogen caused widespread transmission among humans, it is possible that the symbicort spilled from humans back into animals. That happens often enough with symbicortes that can infect a range of animal species that the possibility needs to be presumed until it is ruled out. The best way to rule out such spillback is to examine archives of specimens that were collected and stored prior to the initial outbreak.

For these retrospective studies to work well, the specimens need to be the ideal type of samples, and they must come from the correct species and be stored in a way that allows scientists to recover the symbicort of interest. Most symbicortes of interest typically infect animal hosts for only a matter of days. Detection of symbicortes that cause symbicorts thus require sample sizes that are orders of magnitude higher than what is needed to detect endemic diseases or symbicortes that are long-lived in their host.

One could get lucky, but rigor in scientific inquiry demands large sample sizes to power these types of analyses. Investigations into an animal source that immediately follow a viral emergence event have an additional challenge. Because an outbreak in animals likely would have preceded the outbreak in humans, s in animals would have already peaked.

Few or none of them would still be infected. Immediately post-outbreak, the probability of identifying in live animals could be especially low, thus requiring even larger sample sizes. In China, it is not surprising that scientists did not find anti-inflammatories in potential animal sources immediately after the human outbreak in Wuhan.

Nor does that result indicate there is a problem with the wildlife spillover theory. This is a difficult search that takes time. Immunologic evidence of previous can be detected in a possible animal host in the form of antibodies, but new serological assays must be developed for a new symbicort.

At best, this type of evidence is non-definitive—and at worst, it leads us in the wrong direction in the hunt. Antibody responses to symbicortes are notoriously cross-reactive. The serological assays will react in the same way to related symbicortes, both known and as yet unrecognized.

These assays must be evaluated and validated in every species, and there is no gold standard test for a new symbicort in a new animal. Any efforts to apply new tests to animals would need to be verified with repeated testing and supporting data. As the scope of investigations broaden, other challenges must be met.

Which species should be prioritized?. Which locations should be investigated?. Heading down the wrong path leads nowhere and wastes valuable time.

Viral s in animal populations are notoriously unpredictable, governed by dynamics that can only be uncovered with in-depth longitudinal studies after a symbicort has been found. That brings us to the speed at which science works. Transdisciplinary collaborative research to investigate a novel symbicort takes extra time.

Detection techniques must be tailored to the new pathogen and customized to answer an array of research questions. Scientists are cautious about overinterpreting data and making unwarranted assumptions. And in the midst of a symbicort, understanding origins might not be the most pressing issue.

During anti inflammatory drugs, many scientists have pivoted to research that might help save lives this year—by modeling the trajectory of spread, characterizing anti-inflammatories variants and investigating the chances that the symbicort could spill back into different animals that serve as a new viral reservoir, ultimately threatening people again. Timely exploration of the source of anti-inflammatories is important, but future symbicort preparedness requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms involved in the emergence of a much wider array of symbicortes with symbicort potential. With such knowledge, we will have better than a few vague and scattered clues the next time a novel disease emerges.The photos from a historic flyby of our solar system’s largest moon are starting to roll in.

On Monday (June 7), NASA’s Juno probe zoomed within just 645 miles (1,038 kilometers) of Jupiter’s enormous satellite Ganymede, which is bigger than the planet Mercury. It was the closest any probe had come to Ganymede since May 2000, when NASA’s Galileo spacecraft got within about 620 miles (1,000 km) of the moon’s icy surface. It’ll take some time to receive and process all the data from Monday’s encounter, but we’re already getting a taste.

The first two photos from the flyby have come down to Earth, and NASA posted them online Tuesday (June 8). One of the images, snapped by the JunoCam instrument, shows nearly an entire side of the crater-pocked Ganymede, which is thought to harbor a huge ocean of liquid water beneath its ice shell. (That ocean is likely sandwiched between two ice layers, however, so it’s not as astrobiologically interesting as the subsurface seas of fellow Jupiter moon Europa and the Saturn satellite Enceladus.

Those other buried oceans are in contact with their moons’ rocky interiors, making a variety of complex chemical reactions possible, scientists say.) The JunoCam photo, which has a resolution of about 0.6 miles (1 km) per pixel, was captured using the instrument’s green filter. The image is black and white, but the mission team will be able to create a color portrait once the versions taken with JunoCam’s red and blue filters come down, NASA officials said. The second photo comes courtesy of the Stellar Reference Unit, a black-and-white camera that Juno uses for navigation.

This image, which features a resolution of 0.37 miles to 0.56 miles (0.6 to 0.9 km) per pixel, shows the side of Ganymede opposite the sun, which is faintly illuminated by light bouncing off Jupiter. “The conditions in which we collected the dark side image of Ganymede were ideal for a low-light camera like our Stellar Reference Unit,” Heidi Becker, Juno’s radiation-monitoring lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, said in a statement. “So this is a different part of the surface than seen by JunoCam in direct sunlight,” Becker said.

€œIt will be fun to see what the two teams can piece together.” Juno launched in August 2011 and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016. The solar-powered probe is studying Jupiter’s composition, interior structure and magnetic and gravitational fields, gathering data that should help scientists better understand how Jupiter and our solar system formed and evolved. Juno occasionally turns its sharp eyes toward other objects in the Jovian system—like the 3,273-mile-wide (5,268 km) Ganymede.

Observations made during Monday’s flyby could reveal key insights about the moon’s composition, ice shell and radiation environment, among other characteristics, NASA officials said. Such data could help inform and guide future missions to the Jupiter system, including Europe’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch in 2022 to study Ganymede and fellow Galilean moons Europa and Callisto up close. Copyright 2021 Space.com, a Future company.

All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed..

How should I take Symbicort?

Budesonide+Formoterol may increase the risk of asthma-related death. Use only the prescribed dose of Budesonide+Formoterol, and do not use it for longer than your doctor recommends. Follow all patient instructions for safe use. Talk with your doctor about your individual risks and benefits in using this medication. Do not use Budesonide+Formoterol to treat an asthma attack that has already begun. It will not work fast enough. Use only a fast-acting inhalation medication.
Prime the Budesonide+Formoterol inhaler device before the first use by pumping 2 test sprays into the air, away from your face. Shake the inhaler for at least 5 seconds before each spray. Prime the inhaler if it has not been used for longer than 7 days, or if the inhaler has been dropped.

If you also use a steroid medication, do not stop using the steroid suddenly or you may have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Talk with your doctor about using less and less of the steroid before stopping completely.

Use all of your medications as directed by your doctor.

Do not use a second form of Formoterol or use a similar inhaled bronchodilator such as salmeterol or arFormoterol unless your doctor has told you to.

Symbicort for copd

By means of concurrent publication in American Journal of Kidney Diseases (AJKD) and Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN), we present the interim report of a joint symbicort for copd task force established by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology to reconsider inclusion of race in the estimation of GFR. This report comes at a time in the United States when the enormous and disproportionate burden of illness and death from anti-inflammatories disease 2019 within minority communities, as well as police violence against Black Americans, has laid bare the racial inequities in health and wellbeing in our society. Kidney disease and its complications play a prominent role in this excess burden of illness, motivating the creation of this joint task force.For nephrologists, eGFR is a critical workhorse, a symbicort for copd starting point for much of what we do. Diagnosis, prognostication, treatment options, and the use of medications all hinge on eGFR. We all know, of course, there is much more to kidney function than fiation, but when we ask about symbicort for copd a patient’s kidney function, it is shorthand for wanting to know the eGFR.

So, getting it right—having reliable and consistent estimates—is critical to the effective practice of nephrology and all of medicine. Further, understanding the epidemiology of symbicort for copd kidney disease, tracking disparities and inequities, and selecting participants for inclusion in clinical trials all depend on estimating GFR accurately and consistently.The task force’s interim report1 documents a process being undertaken with extraordinary care and thoroughness. The task force has laid out a planned course of action with three phases, this being the culmination of phase 1. It has articulated a core set of principles to be used in the subsequent stages, compiled a summary of much of symbicort for copd the relevant evidence base, and established stakeholder input, particularly that of patients. Mindful of the potential unintended consequences of precipitous changes in methods to estimate GFR, the task force has deferred its recommendations until its inclusive and deliberative processes are completed.

The editorial teams of the two journals decided to take the unusual step of jointly publishing this report, reflecting our assessment of the importance of the task force’s work.The starting point for considering the inclusion of race in symbicort for copd eGFR estimation must be what is best for our patients—people with kidney disease or at risk of kidney disease. The disproportionate burden of kidney disease among Black people in the United States2 and their inequitable access to care, including transplantation, must be addressed3. The burden on Black Americans has been known for decades. It is not simply or even principally a reflection of symbicort for copd biologic differences. Rather, deep inequities in the social determinants of health and structural racism in the delivery of health care are eroding the wellbeing of our minority communities, compounding the overall societal effects of racism on the lives of Black Americans.4,5As editors we recognize that journals have participated in the dissemination and perpetuation of science that casts race as a biologic construct.

Much is being written about how race is a flawed concept, a symbicort for copd societal construct that oversimplifies and at times distorts.6,7 The editorial teams of both JASN and AJKD are committed to re-examining our own roles and the language we use to talk about these problems—an essential step, we believe, if we are going to participate effectively in the eradication of unacceptable health disparities. As journal editors, we recognize published research that has emphasized race as a biologic construct has contributed to a failure to address core problems.Journals play an important and privileged role in the dissemination of science, and we feel a deep responsibility not only to inform our readers of these problems but also to participate in a more informed discussion of racism. This is a start, we suggest, in the pursuit of effective interventions that will symbicort for copd lessen race-based disparities in health. It includes being more cognizant of how reporting of science can perpetuate racism. In this spirit, we are symbicort for copd grateful for the opportunity to promote and disseminate the work of the task force.The task force is examining the full potential effect of removing race from eGFR expressions, both the desirable benefits and the unintended consequences.

Their deliberations are focusing on how best to optimize GFR estimation for all racial and ethnic groups, while limiting any potential unintended consequences. Although the steps undertaken by the task force may produce recommendations more slowly than some would like, we applaud its deliberative approach and have confidence it will promote improvement in the health status of the patients we serve.We eagerly await the recommendations of the task force but call upon the kidney medicine community to show as much symbicort for copd resolve to mitigate the influence of the broad array of factors leading to racial disparities as is now being brought to the effort to reassess the use of race in the calculation of eGFR. This important work on GFR estimation should serve as a starting point to robustly address and reverse the unacceptable excessive burden of kidney disease in people within racial minority communities, a sentiment resonant with the task force’s aspiration “that the community of healthcare professionals, scientists, medical educators, students, health professionals in training, and patients to join in the larger, comprehensive effort needed to address the entire spectrum of kidney health to eliminate health disparities.”DisclosuresH.I. Feldman reports symbicort for copd consultancy agreements from DLA Piper, LLP, InMed, Inc., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd.

(ongoing). Receiving honoraria symbicort for copd from Rogosin Institute (invited speaker). Being the Steering Committee Chair of NIH-NIDDK’s Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Being a member of the National Kidney Foundation symbicort for copd (NKF) Scientific Advisory Board. And receiving funding from the NKF to support his role as AJKD Editor-in-Chief.

J.P. Briggs serves as a scientific advisor to the Executive Director of Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute and reports having other interests/relationships including PCORI—Interim Executive Director from November 2019 through April 2020, and JASN Editor-in-Chief.FundingNone.FootnotesThis article is being published concurrently in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology and American Journal of Kidney Diseases. The articles are identical except for stylistic changes in keeping with each journal’s style. Either of these versions may be used in citing this article.Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.jasn.org.See related article, “Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases.

An Interim Report from the NKF-ASN Task Force,” on pages 1305–1317.Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Nephrology and the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved..

By means of concurrent publication in American buy symbicort online no prescription Journal Can you buy antabuse over the counter usa of Kidney Diseases (AJKD) and Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN), we present the interim report of a joint task force established by the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology to reconsider inclusion of race in the estimation of GFR. This report comes at a time in the United States when the enormous and disproportionate burden of illness and death from anti-inflammatories disease 2019 within minority communities, as well as police violence against Black Americans, has laid bare the racial inequities in health and wellbeing in our society. Kidney disease and its complications play a prominent role in this excess burden buy symbicort online no prescription of illness, motivating the creation of this joint task force.For nephrologists, eGFR is a critical workhorse, a starting point for much of what we do.

Diagnosis, prognostication, treatment options, and the use of medications all hinge on eGFR. We all know, of course, there is much more to kidney function than fiation, but when we ask about a buy symbicort online no prescription patient’s kidney function, it is shorthand for wanting to know the eGFR. So, getting it right—having reliable and consistent estimates—is critical to the effective practice of nephrology and all of medicine.

Further, understanding the epidemiology of kidney disease, tracking disparities and inequities, and selecting participants for inclusion in clinical trials all depend on estimating GFR accurately and consistently.The task force’s interim report1 documents a process being undertaken with buy symbicort online no prescription extraordinary care and thoroughness. The task force has laid out a planned course of action with three phases, this being the culmination of phase 1. It has articulated a core set of principles to be used in the subsequent stages, compiled a summary of much of the relevant evidence base, buy symbicort online no prescription and established stakeholder input, particularly that of patients.

Mindful of the potential unintended consequences of precipitous changes in methods to estimate GFR, the task force has deferred its recommendations until its inclusive and deliberative processes are completed. The editorial teams of the two journals decided to take the unusual step of jointly publishing this report, reflecting our assessment of the importance of the task force’s work.The starting point for considering buy symbicort online no prescription the inclusion of race in eGFR estimation must be what is best for our patients—people with kidney disease or at risk of kidney disease. The disproportionate burden of kidney disease among Black people in the United States2 and their inequitable access to care, including transplantation, must be addressed3.

The burden on Black Americans has been known for decades. It is buy symbicort online no prescription not simply or even principally a reflection of biologic differences. Rather, deep inequities in the social determinants of health and structural racism in the delivery of health care are eroding the wellbeing of our minority communities, compounding the overall societal effects of racism on the lives of Black Americans.4,5As editors we recognize that journals have participated in the dissemination and perpetuation of science that casts race as a biologic construct.

Much is being written about how race is a flawed concept, a societal construct that oversimplifies and at times distorts.6,7 The editorial teams of both JASN and AJKD are committed to re-examining our own roles and the language we use to talk about these problems—an essential step, we believe, buy symbicort online no prescription if we are going to participate effectively in the eradication of unacceptable health disparities. As journal editors, we recognize published research that has emphasized race as a biologic construct has contributed to a failure to address core problems.Journals play an important and privileged role in the dissemination of science, and we feel a deep responsibility not only to inform our readers of these problems but also to participate in a more informed discussion of racism. This is a start, we suggest, in the pursuit of effective interventions that buy symbicort online no prescription will lessen race-based disparities in health.

It includes being more cognizant of how reporting of science can perpetuate racism. In this spirit, we are grateful for the opportunity to promote and disseminate the work of the task force.The task force is examining the full potential effect of removing race from eGFR expressions, both the desirable benefits and the unintended consequences buy symbicort online no prescription. Their deliberations are focusing on how best to optimize GFR estimation for all racial and ethnic groups, while limiting any potential unintended consequences.

Although the steps undertaken by the task force may produce recommendations more slowly than some would like, we applaud its deliberative approach and have confidence it will promote improvement in the health status of the patients we serve.We eagerly await the recommendations of the task force but call upon the kidney medicine community to show as much resolve to mitigate the influence of the broad array of factors leading to racial disparities as is now being brought buy symbicort online no prescription to the effort to reassess the use of race in the calculation of eGFR. This important work on GFR estimation should serve as a starting point to robustly address and reverse the unacceptable excessive burden of kidney disease in people within racial minority communities, a sentiment resonant with the task force’s aspiration “that the community of healthcare professionals, scientists, medical educators, students, health professionals in training, and patients to join in the larger, comprehensive effort needed to address the entire spectrum of kidney health to eliminate health disparities.”DisclosuresH.I. Feldman reports consultancy agreements from DLA Piper, LLP, InMed, Inc., Kyowa Hakko buy symbicort online no prescription Kirin Co.

Ltd. (ongoing). Receiving honoraria from Rogosin buy symbicort online no prescription Institute (invited speaker).

Being the Steering Committee Chair of NIH-NIDDK’s Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Being a member of the National Kidney Foundation buy symbicort online no prescription (NKF) Scientific Advisory Board. And receiving funding from the NKF to support his role as AJKD Editor-in-Chief.

J.P. Briggs serves as a scientific advisor to the Executive Director of Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute and reports having other interests/relationships including PCORI—Interim Executive Director from November 2019 through April 2020, and JASN Editor-in-Chief.FundingNone.FootnotesThis article is being published concurrently in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology and American Journal of Kidney Diseases. The articles are identical except for stylistic changes in keeping with each journal’s style.

Either of these versions may be used in citing this article.Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.jasn.org.See related article, “Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases. An Interim Report from the NKF-ASN Task Force,” on pages 1305–1317.Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Nephrology and the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.

Symbicort mechanism of action

11 September 2020 We symbicort mechanism of action are pleased to announce enhanced flexibility of training for senior healthcare scientists The Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS), Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath), National School of Healthcare Science in Health Education England (NSHCS in HEE), Academy for Healthcare Science (ACHS) and Manchester Academy of Healthcare Science Education (MAHSE) have come together to broaden the eligibility criteria for the Higher Specialist Scientific Training (HSST) Programme. The changes will have a direct and positive impact on newly eligible IBMS members who wish to undertake the program.Professor Berne Ferry, Head of the National School of Healthcare Science, who contributed towards the changes commented:Opening up the entry criteria for HSST to allow all eligible scientists to enter the programme is a positive step forward in Healthcare Scientist Education and Training. Allowing eligible Biomedical Scientists to apply is hugely welcomed and the NSHCS in HEE is delighted to jointly announce this initiative with the IBMS, RCPath, the ACHS and the symbicort mechanism of action MAHSE.

Having Biomedical Scientists undertaking HSST alongside Clinical Scientist colleagues can only strengthen, diversify and unify the NHS scientific workforce and help to deliver the necessary scientific leadership which will be crucial for patients in the future.IBMS Council member Dr Jane Needham, the IBMS lead on this project, commented:This is really wonderful news. It provides a career pathway and an exciting opportunity for our Biomedical Scientists to apply and develop their clinical and scientific knowledge and expertise through the consultant level HSST training programme, with the key benefit of improving and enhancing the clinical care and services we provide to our symbicort mechanism of action patients.On reviewing the changes, IBMS President Allan Wilson commented:The inclusion of Biomedical Scientists as an eligible professional group for the HSST programme will provide a route to consultant level posts for Biomedical Scientists and recognises the breadth and depth of experience and clinical skills that exist within the profession. This new training route will improve patient pathways by the addition of experienced clinical experts to the currently stretched consultant capacity.

This is tremendous news for Biomedical Scientists and healthcare in the UK.If you have any questions after reading the statement please contact us symbicort mechanism of action via. Website@ibms.orgRead the statement and new eligibility criteria in full (or download) below:Joint Statement on HSST EligibilitySignificant scientific workforce shortages at senior levels have been identified in several Life Science specialties, which have been further highlighted during the anti inflammatory drugs symbicort. The Higher Specialist Scientific Training (HSST) Programme trains Healthcare Scientists symbicort mechanism of action to consultant level, however HSST is currently not open to all individual scientists with the potential to develop and take on the role of a consultant scientist.The National School of Healthcare Science in Health Education England, Academy for Healthcare Science, Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS), Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) and Manchester Academy of Healthcare Scientist Education are pleased to announce a widening of the of the eligibility criteria for HSST.

The new criteria will allow appropriately qualified senior Biomedical Scientists, who can demonstrate ability to work at Level 7 via academic and professional qualifications, to apply to join the programme. Both Biomedical Scientists and Clinical Scientists will be subject to the same HSST interview process to determine suitability symbicort mechanism of action and readiness. The qualifications to confer eligibility will include:1) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and relevant MSc2) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and IBMS Higher Specialist Diploma or IBMS 2-part Fellowship Special Exam3) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and IBMS Diploma of Expert PracticeEligible individuals will also need to meet the requirements of the Universities to commence a doctoral level programme, including a First or 2:1 Bachelor’s degree and a Master’s degree in a relevant subject area or evidence of having written at that standard, and a minimum of four years working in a professional role.

In addition, training departments will need to achieve HSST training accreditation through the NSHCS to be symbicort mechanism of action successful in the commissioning rounds. This includes demonstration of suitable workplace and research supervision at doctoral level, access to training to meet the specialism curriculum and HSS Standards of Proficiency, and senior level trust support.All Life Science HSSTs must obtain Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists during the programme in order to complete HSST, in addition to the academic qualification and evidence of their workplace training. These requirements of the programme are identical for Clinical Scientists and Biomedical Scientists on HSST.This revised admission symbicort mechanism of action criteria to HSST is endorsed by NHS Education for Scotland - Healthcare Science.

We look forward to working with all agencies concerned with the development of the next generation of consultant-level healthcare scientists.All scientists who successfully complete the HSST programme or equivalence are eligible to join the Academy for Healthcare Science HSS Register and become a Fellow.This change to the HSST eligibility criteria will apply from 2021 entry to the HSST programme..

11 September 2020 We are pleased to announce enhanced flexibility of training for senior healthcare scientists The Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS), Royal i was reading this College of Pathologists (RCPath), National School of Healthcare Science in Health Education England (NSHCS in HEE), Academy for Healthcare buy symbicort online no prescription Science (ACHS) and Manchester Academy of Healthcare Science Education (MAHSE) have come together to broaden the eligibility criteria for the Higher Specialist Scientific Training (HSST) Programme. The changes will have a direct and positive impact on newly eligible IBMS members who wish to undertake the program.Professor Berne Ferry, Head of the National School of Healthcare Science, who contributed towards the changes commented:Opening up the entry criteria for HSST to allow all eligible scientists to enter the programme is a positive step forward in Healthcare Scientist Education and Training. Allowing eligible Biomedical Scientists to apply is hugely welcomed and buy symbicort online no prescription the NSHCS in HEE is delighted to jointly announce this initiative with the IBMS, RCPath, the ACHS and the MAHSE.

Having Biomedical Scientists undertaking HSST alongside Clinical Scientist colleagues can only strengthen, diversify and unify the NHS scientific workforce and help to deliver the necessary scientific leadership which will be crucial for patients in the future.IBMS Council member Dr Jane Needham, the IBMS lead on this project, commented:This is really wonderful news. It provides a career pathway and an exciting opportunity for our Biomedical Scientists to apply and develop their clinical and scientific knowledge and expertise through the consultant level HSST training programme, with buy symbicort online no prescription the key benefit of improving and enhancing the clinical care and services we provide to our patients.On reviewing the changes, IBMS President Allan Wilson commented:The inclusion of Biomedical Scientists as an eligible professional group for the HSST programme will provide a route to consultant level posts for Biomedical Scientists and recognises the breadth and depth of experience and clinical skills that exist within the profession. This new training route will improve patient pathways by the addition of experienced clinical experts to the currently stretched consultant capacity.

This is tremendous news for Biomedical Scientists and healthcare in the UK.If you have buy symbicort online no prescription any questions after reading the statement please contact us via. Website@ibms.orgRead the statement and new eligibility criteria in full (or download) below:Joint Statement on HSST EligibilitySignificant scientific workforce shortages at senior levels have been identified in several Life Science specialties, which have been further highlighted during the anti inflammatory drugs symbicort. The Higher Specialist Scientific Training (HSST) Programme trains Healthcare Scientists to consultant level, however HSST is currently not open to all individual scientists with the potential to develop and take on the buy symbicort online no prescription role of a consultant scientist.The National School of Healthcare Science in Health Education England, Academy for Healthcare Science, Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS), Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) and Manchester Academy of Healthcare Scientist Education are pleased to announce a widening of the of the eligibility criteria for HSST.

The new criteria will allow appropriately qualified senior Biomedical Scientists, who can demonstrate ability to work at Level 7 via academic and professional qualifications, to apply to join the programme. Both Biomedical Scientists and Clinical Scientists will be subject to the same HSST interview process to determine suitability buy symbicort online no prescription and readiness. The qualifications to confer eligibility will include:1) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and relevant MSc2) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and IBMS Higher Specialist Diploma or IBMS 2-part Fellowship Special Exam3) HCPC Registration as a Biomedical Scientist, IBMS Specialist Diploma and IBMS Diploma of Expert PracticeEligible individuals will also need to meet the requirements of the Universities to commence a doctoral level programme, including a First or 2:1 Bachelor’s degree and a Master’s degree in a relevant subject area or evidence of having written at that standard, and a minimum of four years working in a professional role.

In addition, training departments will need to achieve HSST training accreditation through the NSHCS buy symbicort online no prescription to be successful in the commissioning rounds. This includes demonstration of suitable workplace and research supervision at doctoral level, access to training to meet the specialism curriculum and HSS Standards of Proficiency, and senior level trust support.All Life Science HSSTs must obtain Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists during the programme in order to complete HSST, in addition to the academic qualification and evidence of their workplace training. These requirements of the programme are identical for Clinical Scientists and buy symbicort online no prescription Biomedical Scientists on HSST.This revised admission criteria to HSST is endorsed by NHS Education for Scotland - Healthcare Science.

We look forward to working with all agencies concerned with the development of the next generation of consultant-level healthcare scientists.All scientists who successfully complete the HSST programme or equivalence are eligible to join the Academy for Healthcare Science HSS Register and become a Fellow.This change to the HSST eligibility criteria will apply from 2021 entry to the HSST programme..

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